/*
 * crun - OCI runtime written in C
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2017, 2018, 2019 Giuseppe Scrivano <giuseppe@scrivano.org>
 * crun is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * crun is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 * along with crun.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

#define _GNU_SOURCE

#include <config.h>
#include "linux.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#ifdef HAVE_FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
#  include <linux/mount.h>
#endif
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#ifdef HAVE_CAP
#  include <sys/capability.h>
#endif
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <grp.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include "terminal.h"
#include "cgroup.h"
#include "status.h"
#include "criu.h"
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <libgen.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/vfs.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <sys/personality.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <sys/xattr.h>

#include <yajl/yajl_tree.h>
#include <yajl/yajl_gen.h>

#define YAJL_STR(x) ((const unsigned char *) (x))

#ifndef RLIMIT_RTTIME
#  define RLIMIT_RTTIME 15
#endif

#ifndef OPEN_TREE_CLONE
#  define OPEN_TREE_CLONE 1
#endif

#ifndef MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH
#  define MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH 0x00000004
#endif

#ifndef MOVE_MOUNT_T_EMPTY_PATH
#  define MOVE_MOUNT_T_EMPTY_PATH 0x00000040
#endif

struct remount_s
{
  struct remount_s *next;
  char *target;
  int targetfd;
  unsigned long flags;
  char *data;
};

struct private_data_s
{
  struct remount_s *remounts;

  /* Filled by libcrun_run_linux_container().  Useful to query what
     namespaces are available.  */
  int unshare_flags;

  char *host_notify_socket_path;
  char *container_notify_socket_path;
  bool mount_dev_from_host;
  unsigned long rootfs_propagation;
  bool deny_setgroups;

  const char *rootfs;
  int rootfsfd;
  int procfsfd;
  int mqueuefsfd;
  size_t rootfs_len;
  int notify_socket_tree_fd;

  /* Used to save stdin, stdout, stderr during checkpointing to descriptors.json
   * and needed during restore. */
  char *external_descriptors;
};

struct linux_namespace_s
{
  const char *name;
  const char *ns_file;
  int value;
};

static struct private_data_s *
get_private_data (struct libcrun_container_s *container)
{
  if (container->private_data == NULL)
    {
      struct private_data_s *p = xmalloc0 (sizeof (*p));
      container->private_data = p;
      p->rootfsfd = -1;
      p->procfsfd = -1;
      p->mqueuefsfd = -1;
      p->notify_socket_tree_fd = -1;
    }
  return container->private_data;
}

#ifndef CLONE_NEWTIME
#  define CLONE_NEWTIME 0
#endif
#ifndef CLONE_NEWCGROUP
#  define CLONE_NEWCGROUP 0
#endif
#ifndef AT_RECURSIVE
#  define AT_RECURSIVE 0x8000
#endif

static struct linux_namespace_s namespaces[] = { { "mount", "mnt", CLONE_NEWNS },
                                                 { "network", "net", CLONE_NEWNET },
                                                 { "ipc", "ipc", CLONE_NEWIPC },
                                                 { "pid", "pid", CLONE_NEWPID },
                                                 { "uts", "uts", CLONE_NEWUTS },
                                                 { "user", "user", CLONE_NEWUSER },
#if CLONE_NEWCGROUP
                                                 { "cgroup", "cgroup", CLONE_NEWCGROUP },
#endif
#if CLONE_NEWTIME
                                                 { "time", "time", CLONE_NEWTIME },
#endif
                                                 { NULL, NULL, 0 } };

static int
get_and_reset (int *old)
{
  int tmp = *old;
  *old = -1;
  return tmp;
}

int
libcrun_find_namespace (const char *name)
{
  struct linux_namespace_s *it;
  for (it = namespaces; it->name; it++)
    if (strcmp (it->name, name) == 0)
      return it->value;
  return -1;
}

static int
syscall_clone (unsigned long flags, void *child_stack)
{
#if defined __s390__ || defined __CRIS__
  return (int) syscall (__NR_clone, child_stack, flags);
#else
  return (int) syscall (__NR_clone, flags, child_stack);
#endif
}

static int
syscall_fsopen (const char *fs_name, unsigned int flags)
{
#if defined __NR_fsopen
  return (int) syscall (__NR_fsopen, fs_name, flags);
#else
  (void) fs_name;
  (void) flags;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

static int
syscall_fsmount (int fsfd, unsigned int flags, unsigned int attr_flags)
{
#if defined __NR_fsmount
  return (int) syscall (__NR_fsmount, fsfd, flags, attr_flags);
#else
  (void) fsfd;
  (void) flags;
  (void) attr_flags;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

static int
syscall_fsconfig (int fsfd, unsigned int cmd, const char *key, const void *val, int aux)
{
#if defined __NR_fsconfig
  return (int) syscall (__NR_fsconfig, fsfd, cmd, key, val, aux);
#else
  (void) fsfd;
  (void) cmd;
  (void) key;
  (void) val;
  (void) aux;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

static int
syscall_move_mount (int from_dfd, const char *from_pathname, int to_dfd, const char *to_pathname, unsigned int flags)

{
#if defined __NR_move_mount
  return (int) syscall (__NR_move_mount, from_dfd, from_pathname, to_dfd, to_pathname, flags);
#else
  (void) from_dfd;
  (void) from_pathname;
  (void) to_dfd;
  (void) to_pathname;
  (void) flags;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

/* ignore this being unused - it's (currently) only unused if not building with systemd,
   but conditioning the definition of syscall_open_tree on HAVE_SYSTEMD seems pretty silly */
__attribute__ ((unused)) static int
syscall_open_tree (int dfd, const char *pathname, unsigned int flags)

{
#if defined __NR_open_tree
  return (int) syscall (__NR_open_tree, dfd, pathname, flags);
#else
  (void) dfd;
  (void) pathname;
  (void) flags;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

static int
syscall_keyctl_join (const char *name)
{
#define KEYCTL_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING 0x1
  return (int) syscall (__NR_keyctl, KEYCTL_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING, name, 0);
}

static int
syscall_pidfd_open (pid_t pid, unsigned int flags)
{
#if defined __NR_pidfd_open
  return (int) syscall (__NR_pidfd_open, pid, flags);
#else
  (void) pid;
  (void) flags;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

static int
syscall_pidfd_send_signal (int pidfd, int sig, siginfo_t *info, unsigned int flags)
{
#if defined __NR_pidfd_send_signal
  return (int) syscall (__NR_pidfd_send_signal, pidfd, sig, info, flags);
#else
  (void) pidfd;
  (void) sig;
  (void) info;
  (void) flags;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

int
libcrun_create_keyring (const char *name, const char *label, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  const char *const keycreate = "/proc/self/attr/keycreate";
  cleanup_close int labelfd = -1;
  bool label_set = false;
  int ret;

  if (label)
    {
      labelfd = open (keycreate, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
      if (UNLIKELY (labelfd < 0))
        {
          if (errno != ENOENT)
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", keycreate);
        }
      else
        {
          ret = write (labelfd, label, strlen (label));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "write to `%s`", keycreate);

          label_set = true;
        }
    }

  ret = syscall_keyctl_join (name);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    {
      if (errno == ENOSYS)
        {
          libcrun_warning ("could not create a new keyring: keyctl_join is not supported");
          ret = 0;
          goto out;
        }
      ret = crun_make_error (err, errno, "create keyring `%s`", name);
      goto out;
    }

out:
  /* Best effort attempt to reset the SELinux label used for new keyrings.  */
  if (label_set)
    write (labelfd, "", 0);
  return ret;
}

static void
get_uid_gid_from_def (runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def, uid_t *uid, gid_t *gid)
{
  *uid = 0;
  *gid = 0;

  if (def->process && def->process->user)
    {
      if (def->process->user->uid)
        *uid = def->process->user->uid;
      if (def->process->user->gid)
        *gid = def->process->user->gid;
    }
}

struct propagation_flags_s
{
  const char *name;
  int clear;
  int flags;
  int extra_flags;
};

enum
{
  OPTION_TMPCOPYUP = 1
};

static struct propagation_flags_s propagation_flags[] = { { "defaults", 0, 0, 0 },
                                                          { "bind", 0, MS_BIND, 0 },
                                                          { "rbind", 0, MS_REC | MS_BIND, 0 },
                                                          { "ro", 0, MS_RDONLY, 0 },
                                                          { "rw", 1, MS_RDONLY, 0 },
                                                          { "suid", 1, MS_NOSUID, 0 },
                                                          { "nosuid", 0, MS_NOSUID, 0 },
                                                          { "dev", 1, MS_NODEV, 0 },
                                                          { "nodev", 0, MS_NODEV, 0 },
                                                          { "exec", 1, MS_NOEXEC, 0 },
                                                          { "noexec", 0, MS_NOEXEC, 0 },
                                                          { "sync", 0, MS_SYNCHRONOUS, 0 },
                                                          { "async", 1, MS_SYNCHRONOUS, 0 },
                                                          { "dirsync", 0, MS_DIRSYNC, 0 },
                                                          { "remount", 0, MS_REMOUNT, 0 },
                                                          { "mand", 0, MS_MANDLOCK, 0 },
                                                          { "nomand", 1, MS_MANDLOCK, 0 },
                                                          { "atime", 1, MS_NOATIME, 0 },
                                                          { "noatime", 0, MS_NOATIME, 0 },
                                                          { "diratime", 1, MS_NODIRATIME, 0 },
                                                          { "nodiratime", 0, MS_NODIRATIME, 0 },
                                                          { "relatime", 0, MS_RELATIME, 0 },
                                                          { "norelatime", 1, MS_RELATIME, 0 },
                                                          { "strictatime", 0, MS_STRICTATIME, 0 },
                                                          { "nostrictatime", 1, MS_STRICTATIME, 0 },
                                                          { "shared", 0, MS_SHARED, 0 },
                                                          { "rshared", 0, MS_REC | MS_SHARED, 0 },
                                                          { "slave", 0, MS_SLAVE, 0 },
                                                          { "rslave", 0, MS_REC | MS_SLAVE, 0 },
                                                          { "private", 0, MS_PRIVATE, 0 },
                                                          { "rprivate", 0, MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, 0 },
                                                          { "unbindable", 0, MS_UNBINDABLE, 0 },
                                                          { "runbindable", 0, MS_REC | MS_UNBINDABLE, 0 },

                                                          { "tmpcopyup", 0, 0, OPTION_TMPCOPYUP },

                                                          { NULL, 0, 0, 0 } };

static unsigned long
get_mount_flags (const char *name, int current_flags, int *found, unsigned long *extra_flags)
{
  struct propagation_flags_s *it;
  if (found)
    *found = 0;
  for (it = propagation_flags; it->name; it++)
    if (strcmp (it->name, name) == 0)
      {
        if (found)
          *found = 1;

        if (extra_flags)
          *extra_flags |= it->extra_flags;

        if (it->clear)
          return current_flags & ~it->flags;

        return current_flags | it->flags;
      }
  return 0;
}

static unsigned long
get_mount_flags_or_option (const char *name, int current_flags, unsigned long *extra_flags, char **option)
{
  int found;
  cleanup_free char *prev = NULL;
  unsigned long flags = get_mount_flags (name, current_flags, &found, extra_flags);
  if (found)
    return flags;

  prev = *option;
  if (*option && **option)
    xasprintf (option, "%s,%s", *option, name);
  else
    *option = xstrdup (name);

  return 0;
}

int
pivot_root (const char *new_root, const char *put_old)
{
  return syscall (__NR_pivot_root, new_root, put_old);
}

static void
free_remount (struct remount_s *r)
{
  if (r->targetfd >= 0)
    close (r->targetfd);
  free (r->data);
  free (r->target);
  free (r);
}

static struct remount_s *
make_remount (int targetfd, const char *target, unsigned long flags, const char *data, struct remount_s *next)
{
  struct remount_s *ret = xmalloc (sizeof (*ret));
  ret->target = xstrdup (target);
  ret->flags = flags;
  ret->data = data ? xstrdup (data) : NULL;
  ret->next = next;
  ret->targetfd = targetfd;
  return ret;
}

static int
do_remount (int targetfd, const char *target, unsigned long flags, const char *data, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  char target_buffer[64];
  const char *real_target = target;

  if (targetfd >= 0)
    {
      sprintf (target_buffer, "/proc/self/fd/%d", targetfd);
      real_target = target_buffer;
    }

  /* Older kernels (seen on 4.18) fail with EINVAL if data is set when
     setting MS_RDONLY.  */
  if (flags & (MS_REMOUNT | MS_RDONLY))
    data = NULL;

  ret = mount (NULL, real_target, NULL, flags, data);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    {
      unsigned long remount_flags;
      struct statfs sfs;

      ret = statfs (real_target, &sfs);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "statfs `%s`", real_target);

      remount_flags = sfs.f_flags & (MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC);

      if ((flags | remount_flags) != flags)
        {
          ret = mount (NULL, real_target, NULL, flags | remount_flags, data);
          if (LIKELY (ret == 0))
            return 0;

          /* If it still fails and MS_RDONLY is present in the mount, try adding it.  */
          if (sfs.f_flags & MS_RDONLY)
            {
              remount_flags = sfs.f_flags & (MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC | MS_RDONLY);
              ret = mount (NULL, real_target, NULL, flags | remount_flags, data);
            }
        }
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "remount `%s`", target);
    }
  return 0;
}

static int
finalize_mounts (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret = 0;
  struct remount_s *r = get_private_data (container)->remounts;
  while (r)
    {
      struct remount_s *next = r->next;

      ret = do_remount (r->targetfd, r->target, r->flags, r->data, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        goto cleanup;

      free_remount (r);
      r = next;
    }

cleanup:
  while (r)
    {
      struct remount_s *next = r->next;
      free_remount (r);
      r = next;
    }

  get_private_data (container)->remounts = NULL;
  return ret;
}

static int
open_mount_target (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *target_rel, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  const char *rootfs = get_private_data (container)->rootfs;
  size_t rootfs_len = get_private_data (container)->rootfs_len;
  int rootfsfd = get_private_data (container)->rootfsfd;

  if (rootfsfd < 0)
    return crun_make_error (err, 0, "invalid rootfs state");

  return safe_openat (rootfsfd, rootfs, rootfs_len, target_rel, O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC, 0, err);
}

/* Attempt to open a mount of the specified type.  */
static int
fsopen_mount (runtime_spec_schema_defs_mount *mount)
{
#ifdef HAVE_FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
  cleanup_close int fsfd = -1;
  int ret;

  fsfd = syscall_fsopen (mount->type, FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
  if (fsfd < 0)
    return fsfd;

  ret = syscall_fsconfig (fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
  if (ret < 0)
    return ret;

  return syscall_fsmount (fsfd, FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC, 0);
#else
  (void) mount;
  (void) syscall_fsopen;
  (void) syscall_fsconfig;
  (void) syscall_fsmount;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

static int
fs_move_mount_to (int fd, int dirfd, const char *name)
{
#ifdef HAVE_FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
  if (name)
    return syscall_move_mount (fd, "", dirfd, name, MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);

  return syscall_move_mount (fd, "", dirfd, "", MOVE_MOUNT_T_EMPTY_PATH | MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
#else
  (void) fd;
  (void) dirfd;
  (void) name;
  (void) syscall_move_mount;
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#endif
}

enum
{
  /* Do not apply any label to the mount.  */
  LABEL_NONE = 0,
  /* Apply the label as a mount option.  */
  LABEL_MOUNT,
  /* Apply the label using setxattr.  */
  LABEL_XATTR,
};

static int
do_mount (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *source, int targetfd,
          const char *target, const char *fstype, unsigned long mountflags, const void *data,
          int label_how, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  cleanup_free char *data_with_label = NULL;
  const char *real_target = target;
  bool single_instance = false;
  bool needs_remount = false;
  cleanup_close int fd = -1;
  const char *label = NULL;
  char target_buffer[64];
  int ret = 0;

#define ALL_PROPAGATIONS_NO_REC (MS_SHARED | MS_PRIVATE | MS_SLAVE | MS_UNBINDABLE)
#define ALL_PROPAGATIONS (MS_REC | ALL_PROPAGATIONS_NO_REC)

  if (container->container_def->linux && container->container_def->linux->mount_label)
    label = container->container_def->linux->mount_label;
  else
    label_how = LABEL_NONE;

  if (targetfd >= 0)
    {
      sprintf (target_buffer, "/proc/self/fd/%d", targetfd);
      real_target = target_buffer;
    }

  if (label_how == LABEL_MOUNT)
    {
      ret = add_selinux_mount_label (&data_with_label, data, label, err);
      if (ret < 0)
        return ret;
      data = data_with_label;
    }

  if ((fstype && fstype[0]) || (mountflags & MS_BIND))
    {
      unsigned long flags = mountflags & ~(ALL_PROPAGATIONS_NO_REC | MS_RDONLY);

      ret = mount (source, real_target, fstype, flags, data);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        {
          int saved_errno = errno;

          if (fstype && strcmp (fstype, "sysfs") == 0)
            {
              /* If we are running in an user namespace, just bind mount /sys if creating
                 sysfs failed.  */
              ret = check_running_in_user_namespace (err);
              if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
                return ret;

              if (ret > 0)
                {
                  ret = mount ("/sys", real_target, "/sys", MS_BIND | MS_REC | MS_SLAVE, data);
                  if (LIKELY (ret == 0))
                    return 0;
                }
            }

          return crun_make_error (err, saved_errno, "mount `%s` to `/%s`", source, target);
        }

      if (targetfd >= 0)
        {
          /* We need to reopen the path as the previous targetfd is underneath the new mountpoint.  */
          fd = open_mount_target (container, target, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
            return fd;

#ifdef HAVE_FGETXATTR
          if (label_how == LABEL_XATTR)
            {
              char proc_file[32];
              sprintf (proc_file, "/proc/self/fd/%d", fd);

              /* We need to go through the proc_file since fd itself is opened as O_PATH.  */
              (void) setxattr (proc_file, "security.selinux", label, strlen (label), 0);
            }
#endif

          targetfd = fd;
          sprintf (target_buffer, "/proc/self/fd/%d", targetfd);
          real_target = target_buffer;
        }
    }

  if (mountflags & ALL_PROPAGATIONS)
    {
      unsigned long rec = mountflags & MS_REC;
      unsigned long propagation = mountflags & (MS_SHARED | MS_PRIVATE | MS_SLAVE | MS_UNBINDABLE);

      if (propagation)
        {
          ret = mount (NULL, real_target, NULL, rec | propagation, NULL);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "set propagation for `%s`", target);
        }
    }

  if (mountflags & (MS_BIND | MS_RDONLY))
    needs_remount = true;

  if (data && fstype && strcmp (fstype, "proc") == 0)
    {
      single_instance = true;
      needs_remount = true;
    }

  if (needs_remount)
    {
      unsigned long remount_flags = MS_REMOUNT | (single_instance ? 0 : MS_BIND) | (mountflags & ~ALL_PROPAGATIONS);

      if ((remount_flags & MS_RDONLY) == 0)
        {
          ret = do_remount (fd, target, remount_flags, data, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }
      else
        {
          struct remount_s *r;
          if (fd < 0)
            {
              fd = dup (targetfd);
              if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
                return crun_make_error (err, errno, "dup `%d`", targetfd);
            }

          /* The remount owns the fd.  */
          r = make_remount (get_and_reset (&fd), target, remount_flags, data, get_private_data (container)->remounts);
          get_private_data (container)->remounts = r;
        }
    }

  return ret;
}

static int
do_mount_cgroup_v2 (libcrun_container_t *container, int targetfd, const char *target, unsigned long mountflags,
                    libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  int cgroup_mode;

  cgroup_mode = libcrun_get_cgroup_mode (err);
  if (UNLIKELY (cgroup_mode < 0))
    return cgroup_mode;

  ret = do_mount (container, "cgroup2", targetfd, target, "cgroup2", mountflags, NULL, LABEL_NONE, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    {
      if (crun_error_get_errno (err) == EPERM || crun_error_get_errno (err) == EBUSY)
        {
          crun_error_release (err);

          ret = do_mount (container, CGROUP_ROOT, targetfd, target, NULL, MS_BIND | mountflags, NULL, LABEL_NONE, err);
        }
      return ret;
    }

  return 0;
}

static bool
has_mount_for (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *destination)
{
  size_t i;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;

  for (i = 0; i < def->mounts_len; i++)
    {
      if (strcmp (def->mounts[i]->destination, destination) == 0)
        return true;
    }
  return false;
}

static int
do_mount_cgroup_systemd_v1 (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *source, int targetfd, const char *target,
                            unsigned long mountflags, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_close int fd = -1;
  const char *subsystem = "systemd";
  cleanup_free char *subsystem_path = NULL;
  cleanup_close int tmpfsdirfd = -1;

  mountflags = mountflags & ~MS_BIND;

  ret = do_mount (container, source, targetfd, target, "tmpfs", mountflags, "size=1024k", LABEL_NONE, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  /* Get a reference to the newly created cgroup directory.  */
  tmpfsdirfd = open_mount_target (container, target, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (tmpfsdirfd < 0))
    return tmpfsdirfd;
  targetfd = tmpfsdirfd;

  ret = mkdirat (targetfd, subsystem, 0755);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "mkdir `%s`", subsystem);

  fd = openat (targetfd, subsystem, O_CLOEXEC | O_DIRECTORY | O_NOFOLLOW);
  if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", subsystem_path);

  ret = append_paths (&subsystem_path, err, target, subsystem, NULL);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  return do_mount (container, "cgroup", fd, subsystem_path, "cgroup", mountflags, "none,name=systemd,xattr", LABEL_NONE,
                   err);
}

static int
do_mount_cgroup_v1 (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *source, int targetfd, const char *target,
                    unsigned long mountflags, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_free char *content = NULL;
  char *from;
  cleanup_close int tmpfsdirfd = -1;
  char *saveptr = NULL;
  bool has_cgroupns = false;

#if CLONE_NEWCGROUP
  has_cgroupns = get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWCGROUP;
#endif

  ret = do_mount (container, source, targetfd, target, "tmpfs", mountflags & ~MS_RDONLY, "size=1024k", LABEL_MOUNT,
                  err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  tmpfsdirfd = open_mount_target (container, target, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (tmpfsdirfd < 0))
    return tmpfsdirfd;
  targetfd = tmpfsdirfd;

  ret = read_all_file ("/proc/self/cgroup", &content, NULL, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  if (UNLIKELY (content == NULL || content[0] == '\0'))
    return crun_make_error (err, 0, "invalid content from /proc/self/cgroup");

  for (from = strtok_r (content, "\n", &saveptr); from; from = strtok_r (NULL, "\n", &saveptr))
    {
      cleanup_free char *source_path = NULL;
      cleanup_free char *source_subsystem = NULL;
      cleanup_free char *subsystem_path = NULL;
      char *subpath, *subsystem, *subsystem_fqn, *it;
      cleanup_close int subsystemfd = -1;
      subsystem = strchr (from, ':') + 1;
      subpath = strchr (subsystem, ':') + 1;
      *(subpath - 1) = '\0';

      if (subsystem[0] == '\0')
        continue;

      /* subsystem_fqn includes name= for named hierarchies.  */
      subsystem_fqn = subsystem;

      it = strstr (subsystem, "name=");
      if (it)
        subsystem = it + 5;

      if (strcmp (subsystem, "net_prio,net_cls") == 0)
        subsystem = "net_cls,net_prio";
      if (strcmp (subsystem, "cpuacct,cpu") == 0)
        subsystem = "cpu,cpuacct";

      ret = append_paths (&source_subsystem, err, CGROUP_ROOT, subsystem, NULL);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      /* if there is already a mount specified, do not add a default one.  */
      if (has_mount_for (container, source_subsystem))
        continue;

      ret = append_paths (&source_path, err, source_subsystem, subpath, NULL);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      ret = append_paths (&subsystem_path, err, target, subsystem, NULL);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      ret = mkdirat (targetfd, subsystem, 0755);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "mkdir `%s`", subsystem_path);

      subsystemfd = openat (targetfd, subsystem, O_CLOEXEC | O_DIRECTORY | O_NOFOLLOW);
      if (UNLIKELY (subsystemfd < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", subsystem_path);

      if (has_cgroupns)
        {
          ret = do_mount (container, source_path, subsystemfd, subsystem_path, "cgroup", mountflags, subsystem_fqn,
                          LABEL_NONE, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            {
              if (crun_error_get_errno (err) == ENOENT || crun_error_get_errno (err) == ENODEV)
                {
                  /* We are trying to mount a subsystem that is not present.  */
                  crun_error_release (err);
                  continue;
                }
              return ret;
            }
        }
      else
        {
          ret = do_mount (container, source_path, subsystemfd, subsystem_path, NULL, MS_BIND | mountflags, NULL,
                          LABEL_NONE, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            {
              if (crun_error_get_errno (err) != ENOENT)
                return ret;

              crun_error_release (err);

              /* We might already be in a container.  Mount the source subsystem.  */
              ret = do_mount (container, source_subsystem, subsystemfd, subsystem_path, NULL, MS_BIND | mountflags,
                              NULL, LABEL_NONE, err);
              if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
                {
                  /* If it still fails with ENOENT, ignore the error as the controller might have been
                     dropped and doesn't exist.  */
                  if (crun_error_get_errno (err) != ENOENT)
                    return ret;

                  crun_error_release (err);
                }
            }
        }
    }

  ret = libcrun_cgroups_create_symlinks (targetfd, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  return 0;
}

static int
do_mount_cgroup (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *source, int targetfd, const char *target,
                 unsigned long mountflags, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int cgroup_mode;

  cgroup_mode = libcrun_get_cgroup_mode (err);
  if (UNLIKELY (cgroup_mode < 0))
    return cgroup_mode;

  switch (cgroup_mode)
    {
    case CGROUP_MODE_UNIFIED:
      return do_mount_cgroup_v2 (container, targetfd, target, mountflags, err);
    case CGROUP_MODE_LEGACY:
    case CGROUP_MODE_HYBRID:
      return do_mount_cgroup_v1 (container, source, targetfd, target, mountflags, err);
    }

  return crun_make_error (err, 0, "unknown cgroups mode %d", cgroup_mode);
}

struct device_s
{
  const char *path;
  char *type;
  int major;
  int minor;
  int mode;
  uid_t uid;
  gid_t gid;
};

struct device_s needed_devs[] = { { "/dev/null", "c", 1, 3, 0666, 0, 0 },
                                  { "/dev/zero", "c", 1, 5, 0666, 0, 0 },
                                  { "/dev/full", "c", 1, 7, 0666, 0, 0 },
                                  { "/dev/tty", "c", 5, 0, 0666, 0, 0 },
                                  { "/dev/random", "c", 1, 8, 0666, 0, 0 },
                                  { "/dev/urandom", "c", 1, 9, 0666, 0, 0 },
                                  {} };

/* Check if the specified path is a direct child of /dev.  If it is
 return a pointer to the basename.  */
static const char *
relative_path_under_dev (const char *path)
{
  if (path[0] != '/')
    return path;
  if (strncmp (path, "/dev/", 5) == 0)
    {
      if (strchr (path + 5, '/'))
        return NULL;
      return path + 5;
    }
  return NULL;
}

static int
create_dev (libcrun_container_t *container, int devfd, struct device_s *device, bool binds, bool ensure_parent_dir,
            libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  dev_t dev;
  mode_t type = (device->type[0] == 'b') ? S_IFBLK : ((device->type[0] == 'p') ? S_IFIFO : S_IFCHR);
  const char *fullname = device->path;
  cleanup_close int fd = -1;
  int rootfsfd = get_private_data (container)->rootfsfd;
  const char *rootfs = get_private_data (container)->rootfs;
  size_t rootfs_len = get_private_data (container)->rootfs_len;
  const char *rel_dev = relative_path_under_dev (device->path);

  if (binds)
    {
      cleanup_close int fd = -1;

      if (rel_dev)
        {
          fd = openat (devfd, rel_dev, O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC | O_PATH | O_NONBLOCK);
          if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
            {
              if (errno == ENOENT)
                fd = openat (devfd, rel_dev, O_CREAT | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK, 0700);

              if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
                return crun_make_error (err, errno, "create device `%s`", device->path);
            }
        }
      else
        {
          const char *rel_path = consume_slashes (device->path);

          fd = crun_safe_create_and_open_ref_at (false, rootfsfd, rootfs, rootfs_len, rel_path, 0700, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
            return fd;
        }

      ret = do_mount (container, fullname, fd, device->path, NULL, MS_BIND | MS_PRIVATE, NULL, LABEL_MOUNT, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }
  else
    {
      char fd_buffer[64];

      dev = makedev (device->major, device->minor);

      /* Check whether the path is directly under /dev.  Since we already have an open fd to /dev and mknodat(2)
         fails when the destination already exists or is a symlink, it is safe to use it directly.
         If it is not a direct child, then first get a fd to the dirfd.
      */
      if (rel_dev)
        {
          ret = mknodat (devfd, rel_dev, device->mode | type, dev);
          /* We don't fail when the file already exists.  */
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0 && errno == EEXIST))
            return 0;
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "mknod `%s`", device->path);

          fd = safe_openat (devfd, rootfs, rootfs_len, rel_dev, O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC, 0, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
            return fd;

          sprintf (fd_buffer, "/proc/self/fd/%d", fd);

          ret = chmod (fd_buffer, device->mode);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "fchmodat `%s`", device->path);

          ret = chown (fd_buffer, device->uid, device->gid); /* lgtm [cpp/toctou-race-condition] */
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chown `%s`", device->path);
        }
      else
        {
          char *dirname;
          cleanup_free char *buffer = NULL;
          cleanup_close int dirfd = -1;
          char *basename, *tmp;

          buffer = xstrdup (device->path);
          dirname = buffer;

          tmp = strrchr (buffer, '/');
          *tmp = '\0';
          basename = tmp + 1;

          dirfd = safe_openat (rootfsfd, rootfs, rootfs_len, dirname,
                               O_DIRECTORY | O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC, 0, err);
          if (dirfd < 0 && ensure_parent_dir)
            {
              crun_error_release (err);

              dirfd = crun_safe_create_and_open_ref_at (true, rootfsfd, rootfs,
                                                        rootfs_len, dirname, 0755, err);
            }
          if (UNLIKELY (dirfd < 0))
            return dirfd;

          ret = mknodat (dirfd, basename, device->mode | type, dev);

          /* We don't fail when the file already exists.  */
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0 && errno == EEXIST))
            return 0;
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "mknod `%s`", device->path);

          fd = safe_openat (dirfd, rootfs, rootfs_len, basename, O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC, 0, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", device->path);

          sprintf (fd_buffer, "/proc/self/fd/%d", fd);

          ret = chmod (fd_buffer, device->mode);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chmod `%s`", device->path);

          ret = chown (fd_buffer, device->uid, device->gid); /* lgtm [cpp/toctou-race-condition] */
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chown `%s`", device->path);
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

struct symlink_s
{
  const char *path;
  const char *target;
  bool force;
};

static struct symlink_s symlinks[] = { { "/proc/self/fd", "fd", false },
                                       { "/proc/self/fd/0", "stdin", false },
                                       { "/proc/self/fd/1", "stdout", false },
                                       { "/proc/self/fd/2", "stderr", false },
                                       { "/proc/kcore", "core", false },
                                       { "pts/ptmx", "ptmx", true },
                                       { NULL, NULL, false } };

static int
create_missing_devs (libcrun_container_t *container, bool binds, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  size_t i;
  struct device_s *it;
  cleanup_close int devfd = -1;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  const char *rootfs = get_private_data (container)->rootfs;
  int rootfsfd = get_private_data (container)->rootfsfd;

  devfd = openat (rootfsfd, "dev", O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY);
  if (UNLIKELY (devfd < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open /dev directory in `%s`", rootfs);

  for (i = 0; i < def->linux->devices_len; i++)
    {
      struct device_s device = {
        def->linux->devices[i]->path,
        def->linux->devices[i]->type,
        def->linux->devices[i]->major,
        def->linux->devices[i]->minor,
        def->linux->devices[i]->file_mode,
        def->linux->devices[i]->uid,
        def->linux->devices[i]->gid,
      };

      if (! def->linux->devices[i]->file_mode_present)
        device.mode = 0666;
      ret = create_dev (container, devfd, &device, binds, true, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  for (it = needed_devs; it->path; it++)
    {
      /* make sure the parent directory exists only on the first iteration.  */
      ret = create_dev (container, devfd, it, binds, it == needed_devs, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  for (i = 0; symlinks[i].target; i++)
    {
    retry_symlink:
      ret = symlinkat (symlinks[i].path, devfd, symlinks[i].target);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        {
          int saved_errno = errno;

          if (errno == EEXIST && ! symlinks[i].force)
            continue;

          /* If the symlink should be forced, make sure to unlink any existing file at the same path.  */
          if (errno == EEXIST)
            {
            retry_unlink:
              ret = unlinkat (devfd, symlinks[i].target, 0);
              if (ret < 0 && errno == EISDIR)
                ret = unlinkat (devfd, symlinks[i].target, AT_REMOVEDIR);
              if (ret < 0 && errno == EBUSY)
                {
                  cleanup_close int tfd = openat (devfd, symlinks[i].target, O_CLOEXEC | O_PATH | O_NOFOLLOW);
                  if (tfd >= 0)
                    {
                      char procpath[32];
                      sprintf (procpath, "/proc/self/fd/%d", tfd);

                      if (umount2 (procpath, MNT_DETACH) == 0)
                        goto retry_unlink;
                    }
                }
              if (ret == 0)
                goto retry_symlink;
            }
          return crun_make_error (err, saved_errno, "creating symlink for /dev/%s", symlinks[i].target);
        }
    }

  return 0;
}

static int
do_masked_or_readonly_path (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *rel_path, bool readonly,
                            libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  size_t rootfs_len = get_private_data (container)->rootfs_len;
  const char *rootfs = get_private_data (container)->rootfs;
  int rootfsfd = get_private_data (container)->rootfsfd;
  cleanup_close int pathfd = -1;
  int ret;
  mode_t mode;

  if (rel_path[0] == '/')
    rel_path++;

  pathfd = safe_openat (rootfsfd, rootfs, rootfs_len, rel_path, O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC, 0, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (pathfd < 0))
    {
      if (errno != ENOENT && errno != EACCES)
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", rel_path);

      crun_error_release (err);
      return 0;
    }

  if (readonly)
    {
      char source_buffer[64];
      sprintf (source_buffer, "/proc/self/fd/%d", pathfd);

      ret = do_mount (container, source_buffer, pathfd, rel_path, NULL, MS_BIND | MS_PRIVATE | MS_RDONLY | MS_REC, NULL,
                      LABEL_NONE, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }
  else
    {
      ret = get_file_type_fd (pathfd, &mode);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      if ((mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
        ret = do_mount (container, "tmpfs", pathfd, rel_path, "tmpfs", MS_RDONLY, "size=0k", LABEL_MOUNT, err);
      else
        ret = do_mount (container, "/dev/null", pathfd, rel_path, NULL, MS_BIND | MS_UNBINDABLE | MS_REC, NULL,
                        LABEL_MOUNT, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }
  return 0;
}

static int
do_masked_and_readonly_paths (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  size_t i;
  int ret;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;

  for (i = 0; i < def->linux->masked_paths_len; i++)
    {
      ret = do_masked_or_readonly_path (container, def->linux->masked_paths[i], false, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }
  for (i = 0; i < def->linux->readonly_paths_len; i++)
    {
      ret = do_masked_or_readonly_path (container, def->linux->readonly_paths[i], true, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }
  return 0;
}

static int
do_pivot (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *rootfs, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_close int oldrootfd = open ("/", O_DIRECTORY | O_PATH);
  cleanup_close int newrootfd = open (rootfs, O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY);

  if (UNLIKELY (oldrootfd < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open '/'");
  if (UNLIKELY (newrootfd < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", rootfs);

  ret = fchdir (newrootfd);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "fchdir `%s`", rootfs);

  ret = pivot_root (".", ".");
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "pivot_root");

  ret = fchdir (oldrootfd);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "fchdir `%s`", rootfs);

  ret = do_mount (container, NULL, -1, ".", NULL, MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, NULL, LABEL_MOUNT, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  ret = umount2 (".", MNT_DETACH);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "umount oldroot");

  do
    {
      ret = umount2 (".", MNT_DETACH);
      if (ret < 0 && errno == EINVAL)
        break;
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "umount oldroot");
  } while (ret == 0);

  ret = chdir ("/");
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chdir to newroot");

  return 0;
}

static int
get_default_flags (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *destination, char **data)
{
  if (strcmp (destination, "/proc") == 0)
    return 0;
  if (strcmp (destination, "/dev/cgroup") == 0 || strcmp (destination, "/sys/fs/cgroup") == 0)
    {
      *data = xstrdup ("none,name=");
      return MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_STRICTATIME;
    }
  if (strcmp (destination, "/dev") == 0)
    {
      *data = xstrdup ("mode=755");
      return MS_NOEXEC | MS_STRICTATIME;
    }
  if (strcmp (destination, "/dev/shm") == 0)
    {
      *data = xstrdup ("mode=1777,size=65536k");
      return MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV;
    }
  if (strcmp (destination, "/dev/mqueue") == 0)
    return MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV;
  if (strcmp (destination, "/dev/pts") == 0)
    {
      if (container->host_uid == 0)
        *data = xstrdup ("newinstance,ptmxmode=0666,mode=620,gid=5");
      else
        *data = xstrdup ("newinstance,ptmxmode=0666,mode=620");
      return MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID;
    }
  if (strcmp (destination, "/sys") == 0)
    return MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV;

  return 0;
}

static char *
append_mode_if_missing (char *data, const char *mode)
{
  char *new_data;
  bool append;

  if (data != NULL && strstr (data, "mode="))
    return data;

  append = data != NULL && data[0] != '\0';

  if (append)
    xasprintf (&new_data, "%s,%s", data, mode);
  else
    new_data = xstrdup (mode);

  free (data);

  return new_data;
}

static int
do_mounts (libcrun_container_t *container, int rootfsfd, const char *rootfs, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  size_t i, j;
  int ret;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  size_t rootfs_len = get_private_data (container)->rootfs_len;
  const char *systemd_cgroup_v1 = find_annotation (container, "run.oci.systemd.force_cgroup_v1");
  struct
  {
    int *fd;
    const char *fstype;
  } fsfd_mounts[] = { { .fstype = "proc", .fd = &(get_private_data (container)->procfsfd) },
                      { .fstype = "mqueue", .fd = &(get_private_data (container)->mqueuefsfd) },
                      { .fd = NULL, .fstype = NULL } };

  for (i = 0; i < def->mounts_len; i++)
    {
      const char *target = consume_slashes (def->mounts[i]->destination);
      cleanup_free char *data = NULL;
      char *type;
      char *source;
      unsigned long flags = 0;
      unsigned long extra_flags = 0;
      int is_dir = 1;
      cleanup_close int copy_from_fd = -1;
      cleanup_close int targetfd = -1;
      bool mounted = false;
      bool is_sysfs_or_proc;

      type = def->mounts[i]->type;

      if (def->mounts[i]->options == NULL)
        flags = get_default_flags (container, def->mounts[i]->destination, &data);
      else
        {
          size_t j;

          for (j = 0; j < def->mounts[i]->options_len; j++)
            flags |= get_mount_flags_or_option (def->mounts[i]->options[j], flags, &extra_flags, &data);
        }

      if (type == NULL && (flags & MS_BIND) == 0)
        return crun_make_error (err, 0, "invalid mount type for `%s`", def->mounts[i]->destination);

      if (flags & MS_BIND)
        {
          if (strcmp (def->mounts[i]->destination, "/dev") == 0)
            get_private_data (container)->mount_dev_from_host = true;
          /* It is used only for error messages.  */
          type = "bind";
        }
      is_sysfs_or_proc = strcmp (type, "sysfs") == 0 || strcmp (type, "proc") == 0;

      if (def->mounts[i]->source && (flags & MS_BIND))
        {
          is_dir = crun_dir_p (def->mounts[i]->source, false, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (is_dir < 0))
            return is_dir;

          data = append_mode_if_missing (data, "mode=1755");
        }

      if (is_sysfs_or_proc)
        {
          /* Enforce sysfs and proc to be mounted on a regular directory.  */
          ret = openat (rootfsfd, target, O_NOFOLLOW | O_DIRECTORY);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            {
              if (errno == ENOENT)
                {
                  if (strchr (target, '/'))
                    return crun_make_error (err, 0, "invalid target `%s`: it must be mounted at the root", target);

                  ret = mkdirat (rootfsfd, target, 0755);
                  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
                    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot mkdir `%s`", target);

                  /* Try opening it again.  */
                  ret = openat (rootfsfd, target, O_NOFOLLOW | O_DIRECTORY);
                }
              else if (errno == ENOTDIR)
                return crun_make_error (err, errno, "the target `/%s` is invalid", target);

              if (ret < 0)
                return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot open `%s`", target);
            }

          targetfd = ret;
        }
      else
        {
          /* Make sure any other directory/file is created and take a O_PATH reference to it.  */
          ret = crun_safe_create_and_open_ref_at (is_dir, rootfsfd, rootfs, rootfs_len, target,
                                                  is_dir ? 01755 : 0755, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;

          targetfd = ret;
        }

      if (extra_flags & OPTION_TMPCOPYUP)
        {
          if (strcmp (type, "tmpfs") != 0)
            return crun_make_error (err, 0, "tmpcopyup can be used only with tmpfs");

          /* targetfd is opened with O_PATH, reopen the fd so it can read.  */
          copy_from_fd = openat (targetfd, ".", O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY);
          if (UNLIKELY (copy_from_fd < 0))
            {
              if (errno != ENOTDIR)
                return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot reopen `%s`", target);

              crun_error_release (err);
            }
        }

      source = def->mounts[i]->source ? def->mounts[i]->source : type;

      /* Check if there is already a mount for the requested file system.  */
      for (j = 0; fsfd_mounts[j].fstype; j++)
        if (*fsfd_mounts[j].fd >= 0 && strcmp (type, fsfd_mounts[j].fstype) == 0)
          {
            cleanup_close int mfd = get_and_reset (fsfd_mounts[j].fd);

            ret = fs_move_mount_to (mfd, targetfd, NULL);
            if (LIKELY (ret == 0))
              {
                ret = do_mount (container, NULL, mfd, target, NULL, flags, data, LABEL_NONE, err);
                if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
                  return ret;
                mounted = true;
              }

            /* If the mount cannot be moved, attempt to mount it normally.  */
            break;
          }

      if (mounted)
        continue;

      if (systemd_cgroup_v1 && strcmp (def->mounts[i]->destination, systemd_cgroup_v1) == 0)
        {
          /* Override the cgroup mount with a single named cgroup name=systemd.  */
          ret = do_mount_cgroup_systemd_v1 (container, source, targetfd, target, flags, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }
      else if (strcmp (type, "cgroup") == 0)
        {
          ret = do_mount_cgroup (container, source, targetfd, target, flags, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }
      else
        {
          int label_how = LABEL_MOUNT;

          if (is_sysfs_or_proc)
            label_how = LABEL_NONE;
          else if (strcmp (type, "mqueue") == 0)
            label_how = LABEL_XATTR;

          ret = do_mount (container, source, targetfd, target, type, flags, data, label_how, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }

      if (copy_from_fd >= 0)
        {
          int destfd, tmpfd;

          destfd = safe_openat (rootfsfd, rootfs, rootfs_len, target, O_DIRECTORY, 0, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (destfd < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open target to write for tmpcopyup");

          /* take ownership for the fd.  */
          tmpfd = get_and_reset (&copy_from_fd);

          ret = copy_recursive_fd_to_fd (tmpfd, destfd, target, target, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

/*
  Open a fd to the NOTIFY_SOCKET end on the host.  If CONTAINER is NULL, then CONTEXT
  is used to retrieve the path to the socket.
*/
int
get_notify_fd (libcrun_context_t *context, libcrun_container_t *container, int *notify_socket_out, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEMD
  cleanup_close int notify_fd = -1;
  cleanup_free char *host_notify_socket_path = NULL;
  cleanup_free char *state_dir = NULL;
  char *host_path = NULL;
  int ret;

  if (container && get_private_data (container)->host_notify_socket_path)
    {
      const char *parent_dir;

      parent_dir = get_private_data (container)->host_notify_socket_path;

      ret = append_paths (&host_notify_socket_path, err, parent_dir, "notify", NULL);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      host_path = host_notify_socket_path;
    }

  *notify_socket_out = -1;

  if (host_path == NULL)
    {
      state_dir = libcrun_get_state_directory (context->state_root, context->id);

      ret = append_paths (&host_notify_socket_path, err, state_dir, "notify/notify", NULL);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      host_path = host_notify_socket_path;
    }

  notify_fd = open_unix_domain_socket (host_path, 1, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (notify_fd < 0))
    return notify_fd;

  if (UNLIKELY (chmod (host_path, 0777) < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chmod `%s`", host_path);

#  ifdef HAVE_FGETXATTR
  if (container && container->container_def->linux && container->container_def->linux->mount_label)
    {
      /* Ignore the error, the worse that can happen is that the container fails to notify it is ready.  */
      (void) setxattr (host_path, "security.selinux", container->container_def->linux->mount_label,
                       strlen (container->container_def->linux->mount_label), 0);
    }
#  endif

  *notify_socket_out = get_and_reset (&notify_fd);
  return 1;
#else
  (void) context;
  (void) container;
  (void) err;
  *notify_socket_out = -1;
  return 0;
#endif
}

#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEMD
static int
do_notify_socket (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *rootfs, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  const char *notify_socket = container->context->notify_socket;
  cleanup_free char *host_notify_socket_path = NULL;
  cleanup_free char *container_notify_socket_path = NULL;
  cleanup_free char *state_dir = libcrun_get_state_directory (container->context->state_root, container->context->id);
  uid_t container_root_uid = -1;
  gid_t container_root_gid = -1;
  int notify_socket_tree_fd;

  if (notify_socket == NULL)
    return 0;

  ret = append_paths (&container_notify_socket_path, err, rootfs, notify_socket, "notify", NULL);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  ret = append_paths (&host_notify_socket_path, err, state_dir, "notify", NULL);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  ret = mkdir (host_notify_socket_path, 0700);
  if (ret < 0)
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "mkdir `%s`", host_notify_socket_path);

  if (get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWUSER)
    {
      get_root_in_the_userns (container->container_def, 0, 0, &container_root_uid, &container_root_gid);
      if (container_root_uid != ((uid_t) -1) && container_root_gid != ((gid_t) -1))
        {
          ret = chown (host_notify_socket_path, container_root_uid, container_root_gid);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chown %d:%d `%s`", container_root_uid, container_root_gid,
                                    host_notify_socket_path);
        }
    }

  notify_socket_tree_fd = syscall_open_tree (AT_FDCWD, host_notify_socket_path, OPEN_TREE_CLONE | AT_RECURSIVE);
  if (notify_socket_tree_fd >= 0)
    /* open_tree worked */
    get_private_data (container)->notify_socket_tree_fd = notify_socket_tree_fd;
  else if (errno == EPERM)
    /* this can happen when trying to run a rootless container; this function is called
       in the original namespace where the caller is _not_ CAP_SYS_ADMIN - in that case,
       do nothing, because the bind mount of host_notify_socket_path directly should succeed
       since it will be readable by the container user. */
    ;
  else if (errno == ENOSYS)
    /* if open_tree(2) is not available, do nothing; we will try mount(2) in do_finalize_notify_socket */
    ;
  else
    /* some other error */
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open_tree `%s`", host_notify_socket_path);

  get_private_data (container)->host_notify_socket_path = host_notify_socket_path;
  get_private_data (container)->container_notify_socket_path = container_notify_socket_path;
  host_notify_socket_path = container_notify_socket_path = NULL;
  return 0;
}
#endif

static int
do_finalize_notify_socket (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_free char *host_notify_socket_path = get_private_data (container)->host_notify_socket_path;
  cleanup_free char *container_notify_socket_path = get_private_data (container)->container_notify_socket_path;
  cleanup_free char *container_notify_socket_path_dir_alloc = NULL;
  char *container_notify_socket_path_dir = NULL;
  cleanup_close int notify_socket_tree_fd = -1;
  int did_mount_with_move_mount = 0;

  get_private_data (container)->host_notify_socket_path = get_private_data (container)->container_notify_socket_path
      = NULL;

  if (host_notify_socket_path == NULL || container_notify_socket_path == NULL)
    return 0;

  container_notify_socket_path_dir_alloc = xstrdup (container_notify_socket_path);
  container_notify_socket_path_dir = dirname (container_notify_socket_path_dir_alloc);

  ret = crun_ensure_directory (container_notify_socket_path_dir, 0755, false, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  notify_socket_tree_fd = get_private_data (container)->notify_socket_tree_fd;
  /* the FD will be unconditionally closed at the end of this function due to cleanup_close above */
  get_private_data (container)->notify_socket_tree_fd = -1;

  if (notify_socket_tree_fd >= 0)
    {
      ret = syscall_move_mount (notify_socket_tree_fd, "", AT_FDCWD, container_notify_socket_path_dir,
                                MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
      if (ret >= 0)
        /* if move_mount(2) worked, make sure we don't try mount(2) */
        did_mount_with_move_mount = 1;
      else if (errno == ENOSYS)
        /* do nothing; we will try mount(2) next */
        ;
      else
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "move_mount %d -> `%s`", notify_socket_tree_fd,
                                container_notify_socket_path_dir);
    }

  if (! did_mount_with_move_mount)
    {
      ret = do_mount (container, host_notify_socket_path, -1, container_notify_socket_path_dir, NULL,
                      MS_BIND | MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, NULL, LABEL_MOUNT, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  return 0;
}

static int
make_parent_mount_private (const char *rootfs, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  cleanup_free char *tmp = xstrdup (rootfs);
  char *it;

  for (;;)
    {
      int ret;

      ret = mount (NULL, tmp, NULL, MS_PRIVATE, NULL);
      if (ret == 0)
        return 0;

      if (errno == EINVAL)
        {
          it = strrchr (tmp, '/');
          if (it == NULL)
            return 0;
          else if (it != tmp)
            {
              *it = '\0';
              continue;
            }
          else
            {
              ret = mount (NULL, "/", NULL, MS_PRIVATE, NULL);
              if (ret == 0)
                return 0;
            }
        }
      return crun_make_error (err, errno, "make `%s` private", tmp);
    }
  return 0;
}

// libcrun_create_kvm_device: explicitly adds kvm device.
int
libcrun_create_kvm_device (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret, rootfsfd;
  size_t i;
  struct device_s kvm_device = { "/dev/kvm", "c", 10, 232, 0666, 0, 0 };
  cleanup_close int devfd = -1;
  cleanup_close int rootfsfd_cleanup = -1;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  const char *rootfs = get_private_data (container)->rootfs;

  /* Do nothing if /dev/kvm is already present in spec */
  for (i = 0; i < def->linux->devices_len; i++)
    {
      if (strcmp (def->linux->devices[i]->path, "/dev/kvm") == 0)
        return 0;
    }

  if (rootfs == NULL)
    rootfsfd = AT_FDCWD;
  else
    {
      rootfsfd = rootfsfd_cleanup = open (rootfs, O_PATH);
      if (UNLIKELY (rootfsfd < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", rootfs);
    }
  get_private_data (container)->rootfsfd = rootfsfd;
  devfd = openat (rootfsfd, "dev", O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY);
  if (UNLIKELY (devfd < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open /dev directory in `%s`", rootfs);
  int is_user_ns = 0;
  is_user_ns = (get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWUSER);

  ret = create_dev (container, devfd, &kvm_device, is_user_ns ? true : false, true, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_mounts (libcrun_container_t *container, const char *rootfs, set_mounts_cb_t cb, void *cb_data, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int rootfsfd = -1;
  int ret = 0, is_user_ns = 0;
  unsigned long rootfs_propagation = 0;
  cleanup_close int rootfsfd_cleanup = -1;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;

  if (rootfs == NULL || def->mounts == NULL)
    return 0;

  if (def->linux->rootfs_propagation)
    rootfs_propagation = get_mount_flags (def->linux->rootfs_propagation, 0, NULL, NULL);

  if ((rootfs_propagation & (MS_SHARED | MS_SLAVE | MS_PRIVATE | MS_UNBINDABLE)) == 0)
    rootfs_propagation = MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE;

  get_private_data (container)->rootfs_propagation = rootfs_propagation;

  if (get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWNS)
    {
      ret = do_mount (container, NULL, -1, "/", NULL, rootfs_propagation, NULL, LABEL_MOUNT, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      ret = make_parent_mount_private (rootfs, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      ret = do_mount (container, rootfs, -1, rootfs, NULL, MS_BIND | MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, NULL, LABEL_MOUNT, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  if (rootfs == NULL)
    rootfsfd = AT_FDCWD;
  else
    {
      rootfsfd = rootfsfd_cleanup = open (rootfs, O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC);
      if (UNLIKELY (rootfsfd < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", rootfs);
    }

  get_private_data (container)->rootfs = rootfs;
  get_private_data (container)->rootfsfd = rootfsfd;
  get_private_data (container)->rootfs_len = rootfs ? strlen (rootfs) : 0;

  if (def->root->readonly)
    {
      struct remount_s *r;
      unsigned long remount_flags = MS_REMOUNT | MS_BIND | MS_RDONLY;
      int fd;

      fd = dup (rootfsfd);
      if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "dup fd for `%s`", rootfs);

      r = make_remount (fd, rootfs, remount_flags, NULL, get_private_data (container)->remounts);
      get_private_data (container)->remounts = r;
    }

  ret = libcrun_container_enter_cgroup_ns (container, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  ret = do_mounts (container, rootfsfd, rootfs, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  is_user_ns = (get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWUSER);
  if (! is_user_ns)
    {
      is_user_ns = check_running_in_user_namespace (err);
      if (UNLIKELY (is_user_ns < 0))
        return is_user_ns;
    }

  if (! get_private_data (container)->mount_dev_from_host)
    {
      ret = create_missing_devs (container, is_user_ns ? true : false, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  /* Notify the callback after all the mounts are ready but before making them read-only.  */
  if (cb)
    {
      ret = cb (cb_data, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  ret = do_finalize_notify_socket (container, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  ret = do_masked_and_readonly_paths (container, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  ret = finalize_mounts (container, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  get_private_data (container)->rootfsfd = -1;

  return 0;
}

static int
move_root (const char *rootfs, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;

  ret = chdir (rootfs);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chdir to `%s`", rootfs);

  ret = umount2 ("/sys", MNT_DETACH);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "umount /sys");

  ret = umount2 ("/proc", MNT_DETACH);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "umount /proc");

  ret = mount (rootfs, "/", "", MS_MOVE, "");
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "mount MS_MOVE to '/'");

  ret = chroot (".");
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chroot to `%s`", rootfs);

  ret = chdir ("/");
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chdir to `%s`", rootfs);

  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_do_pivot_root (libcrun_container_t *container, bool no_pivot, const char *rootfs, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  if (get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWNS)
    {
      if (no_pivot)
        {
          ret = move_root (rootfs, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }
      else
        {
          ret = do_pivot (container, rootfs, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }

      ret = do_mount (container, NULL, -1, "/", NULL, get_private_data (container)->rootfs_propagation, NULL,
                      LABEL_MOUNT, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }
  else
    {
      ret = chroot (rootfs);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chroot to `%s`", rootfs);
    }

  ret = chdir ("/");
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chdir to /");

  return 0;
}

/* If one of stdin, stdout, stderr are pointing to /dev/null on
 * the outside of the container, this moves it to /dev/null inside
 * of the container. This needs to run after pivot/chroot-ing. */
int
libcrun_reopen_dev_null (libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  struct stat dev_null;
  struct stat statbuf;
  cleanup_close int fd;
  int i;

  /* Open /dev/null inside of the container. */
  fd = open ("/dev/null", O_RDWR);
  if (UNLIKELY (fd == -1))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "failed open()ing /dev/null");

  if (UNLIKELY (fstat (fd, &dev_null) == -1))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "failed stat()ing /dev/null");

  for (i = 0; i <= 2; i++)
    {
      if (UNLIKELY (fstat (i, &statbuf) == -1))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "failed stat()ing fd %d", i);
      if (statbuf.st_rdev == dev_null.st_rdev)
        {
          /* This FD is pointing to /dev/null. Point it to /dev/null inside
           * of the container. */
          if (UNLIKELY (dup2 (fd, i) == -1))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "failed dup2()ing %d", i);
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

static int
uidgidmap_helper (char *helper, pid_t pid, char *map_file, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
#define MAX_ARGS 20
  char pid_fmt[16];
  char *args[MAX_ARGS + 1];
  char *next;
  size_t nargs = 0;
  args[nargs++] = helper;
  sprintf (pid_fmt, "%d", pid);
  args[nargs++] = pid_fmt;
  next = map_file;
  while (nargs < MAX_ARGS)
    {
      char *p = strsep (&next, " \n");
      if (next == NULL)
        break;
      args[nargs++] = p;
    }
  args[nargs++] = NULL;

  return run_process (args, err) ? -1 : 0;
}

static int
newgidmap (pid_t pid, char *map_file, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  return uidgidmap_helper ("/usr/bin/newgidmap", pid, map_file, err);
}

static int
newuidmap (pid_t pid, char *map_file, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  return uidgidmap_helper ("/usr/bin/newuidmap", pid, map_file, err);
}

static int
deny_setgroups (libcrun_container_t *container, pid_t pid, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_free char *groups_file = NULL;

  xasprintf (&groups_file, "/proc/%d/setgroups", pid);
  ret = write_file (groups_file, "deny", 4, err);
  if (ret >= 0)
    get_private_data (container)->deny_setgroups = true;
  return ret;
}

static int
can_setgroups (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_free char *content = NULL;

  if (get_private_data (container)->deny_setgroups)
    return 0;

  if (container->container_def->annotations)
    {
      const char *annotation;

      /* Skip setgroups if the annotation is set to anything different than "0".  */
      annotation = find_annotation (container, "run.oci.keep_original_groups");
      if (annotation)
        return strcmp (annotation, "0") == 0 ? 1 : 0;
    }

  ret = read_all_file ("/proc/self/setgroups", &content, NULL, err);
  if (ret < 0)
    return ret;

  return strncmp (content, "deny", 4) == 0 ? 0 : 1;
}

int
libcrun_container_setgroups (libcrun_container_t *container,
                             runtime_spec_schema_config_schema_process *process,
                             libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  gid_t *additional_gids = NULL;
  size_t additional_gids_len = 0;
  int can_do_setgroups;
  int ret;

  if (process != NULL && process->user != NULL)
    {
      additional_gids = process->user->additional_gids;
      additional_gids_len = process->user->additional_gids_len;
    }

  can_do_setgroups = can_setgroups (container, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (can_do_setgroups < 0))
    return can_do_setgroups;

  if (can_do_setgroups == 0)
    return 0;

  ret = setgroups (additional_gids_len, additional_gids);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "setgroups");

  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_container_enter_cgroup_ns (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
#if CLONE_NEWCGROUP
  if (get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWCGROUP)
    {
      int ret = unshare (CLONE_NEWCGROUP);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        {
          if (errno != EINVAL)
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "unshare (CLONE_NEWCGROUP)");
        }
    }
#endif
  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_usernamespace (libcrun_container_t *container, pid_t pid, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
#define MAPPING_FMT_SIZE ("%" PRIu32 " %" PRIu32 " %" PRIu32 "\n")
#define MAPPING_FMT_1 ("%" PRIu32 " %" PRIu32 " 1\n")
  cleanup_free char *uid_map_file = NULL;
  cleanup_free char *gid_map_file = NULL;
  cleanup_free char *uid_map = NULL;
  cleanup_free char *gid_map = NULL;
  int uid_map_len, gid_map_len;
  int ret = 0;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;

  if ((get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWUSER) == 0)
    return 0;

  if (! def->linux->uid_mappings_len)
    {
      uid_map_len = format_default_id_mapping (&uid_map, container->container_uid, container->host_uid, 1);
      if (uid_map == NULL)
        {
          if (container->host_uid)
            uid_map_len = xasprintf (&uid_map, MAPPING_FMT_1, 0, container->host_uid);
          else
            uid_map_len = xasprintf (&uid_map, MAPPING_FMT_SIZE, 0, container->host_uid, container->container_uid + 1);
        }
    }
  else
    {
      size_t written = 0, s;
      char buffer[64];
      uid_map = xmalloc (sizeof (buffer) * def->linux->uid_mappings_len + 1);
      for (s = 0; s < def->linux->uid_mappings_len; s++)
        {
          size_t len;

          len = sprintf (buffer, MAPPING_FMT_SIZE, def->linux->uid_mappings[s]->container_id,
                         def->linux->uid_mappings[s]->host_id, def->linux->uid_mappings[s]->size);
          memcpy (uid_map + written, buffer, len);
          written += len;
        }
      uid_map[written] = '\0';
      uid_map_len = written;
    }

  if (! def->linux->gid_mappings_len)
    {
      gid_map_len = format_default_id_mapping (&gid_map, container->container_gid, container->host_uid, 0);
      if (gid_map == NULL)
        {
          if (container->host_gid)
            gid_map_len = xasprintf (&gid_map, MAPPING_FMT_1, container->container_gid, container->host_gid);
          else
            gid_map_len = xasprintf (&gid_map, MAPPING_FMT_SIZE, 0, container->host_gid, container->container_gid + 1);
        }
    }
  else
    {
      size_t written = 0, s;
      char buffer[64];
      gid_map = xmalloc (sizeof (buffer) * def->linux->gid_mappings_len + 1);
      for (s = 0; s < def->linux->gid_mappings_len; s++)
        {
          size_t len;

          len = sprintf (buffer, MAPPING_FMT_SIZE, def->linux->gid_mappings[s]->container_id,
                         def->linux->gid_mappings[s]->host_id, def->linux->gid_mappings[s]->size);
          memcpy (gid_map + written, buffer, len);
          written += len;
        }
      gid_map[written] = '\0';
      gid_map_len = written;
    }

  if (container->host_uid)
    ret = newgidmap (pid, gid_map, err);
  if (container->host_uid == 0 || ret < 0)
    {
      if (ret < 0)
        {
          if (! def->linux->uid_mappings_len)
            libcrun_warning ("unable to invoke newgidmap, will try creating a user namespace with single mapping as an alternative");
          crun_error_release (err);
        }

      xasprintf (&gid_map_file, "/proc/%d/gid_map", pid);
      ret = write_file (gid_map_file, gid_map, gid_map_len, err);
      if (ret < 0 && ! def->linux->gid_mappings_len)
        {
          size_t single_mapping_len;
          char single_mapping[32];
          crun_error_release (err);

          ret = deny_setgroups (container, pid, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;

          single_mapping_len = sprintf (single_mapping, MAPPING_FMT_1, container->container_gid, container->host_gid);
          ret = write_file (gid_map_file, single_mapping, single_mapping_len, err);
        }
    }
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  if (container->host_uid)
    ret = newuidmap (pid, uid_map, err);
  if (container->host_uid == 0 || ret < 0)
    {
      if (ret < 0)
        {
          if (! def->linux->uid_mappings_len)
            libcrun_warning ("unable to invoke newuidmap, will try creating a user namespace with single mapping as an alternative");
          crun_error_release (err);
        }

      xasprintf (&uid_map_file, "/proc/%d/uid_map", pid);
      ret = write_file (uid_map_file, uid_map, uid_map_len, err);
      if (ret < 0 && ! def->linux->uid_mappings_len)
        {
          size_t single_mapping_len;
          char single_mapping[32];
          crun_error_release (err);

          if (! get_private_data (container)->deny_setgroups)
            {
              ret = deny_setgroups (container, pid, err);
              if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
                return ret;
            }

          single_mapping_len = sprintf (single_mapping, MAPPING_FMT_1, container->container_uid, container->host_uid);
          ret = write_file (uid_map_file, single_mapping, single_mapping_len, err);
        }
    }
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;
  return 0;

#undef MAPPING_FMT_SIZE
#undef MAPPING_FMT_1
}

#define CAP_TO_MASK_0(x) (1L << ((x) &31))
#define CAP_TO_MASK_1(x) CAP_TO_MASK_0 (x - 32)

struct all_caps_s
{
  unsigned long effective[2];
  unsigned long permitted[2];
  unsigned long inheritable[2];
  unsigned long ambient[2];
  unsigned long bounding[2];
};

static int
has_cap_on (int cap, long unsigned *caps)
{
  if (cap < 32)
    return CAP_TO_MASK_0 (cap) & caps[0];
  return (CAP_TO_MASK_1 (cap) & caps[1]);
}

static unsigned long cap_last_cap;

int
libcrun_init_caps (libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  cleanup_close int fd = -1;
  int ret;
  char buffer[16];
  fd = open ("/proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap", O_RDONLY);
  if (fd < 0)
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap");
  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (fd, buffer, sizeof (buffer)));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "read from /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap");

  errno = 0;
  cap_last_cap = strtoul (buffer, NULL, 10);
  if (errno != 0)
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "strtoul() from /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap");
  return 0;
}

static int
set_required_caps (struct all_caps_s *caps, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, int no_new_privs, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
#ifdef HAVE_CAP
  unsigned long cap;
  int ret;
  struct __user_cap_header_struct hdr = { _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3, 0 };
  struct __user_cap_data_struct data[2] = { { 0 } };

  if (cap_last_cap == 0)
    return crun_make_error (err, 0, "internal error: max number of capabilities not initialized");

  for (cap = 0; cap <= cap_last_cap; cap++)
    if (! has_cap_on (cap, caps->bounding))
      {
        ret = prctl (PR_CAPBSET_DROP, cap, 0, 0, 0);
        if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0 && ! (errno == EINVAL)))
          return crun_make_error (err, errno, "prctl drop bounding");
      }

  data[0].effective = caps->effective[0];
  data[1].effective = caps->effective[1];
  data[0].inheritable = caps->inheritable[0];
  data[1].inheritable = caps->inheritable[1];
  data[0].permitted = caps->permitted[0];
  data[1].permitted = caps->permitted[1];

  ret = prctl (PR_SET_KEEPCAPS, 1, 0, 0, 0);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "error while setting PR_SET_KEEPCAPS");

  ret = setresgid (gid, gid, gid);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot setresgid to %d", gid);

  ret = setresuid (uid, uid, uid);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot setresuid to %d", uid);

  ret = capset (&hdr, data);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "capset");

#  ifdef PR_CAP_AMBIENT
  ret = prctl (PR_CAP_AMBIENT, PR_CAP_AMBIENT_CLEAR_ALL, 0, 0, 0);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0 && ! (errno == EINVAL || errno == EPERM)))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "prctl reset ambient");

  for (cap = 0; cap <= cap_last_cap; cap++)
    if (has_cap_on (cap, caps->ambient))
      {
        ret = prctl (PR_CAP_AMBIENT, PR_CAP_AMBIENT_RAISE, cap, 0, 0);
        if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0 && ! (errno == EINVAL || errno == EPERM)))
          return crun_make_error (err, errno, "prctl ambient raise");
      }
#  endif
#endif

  if (no_new_privs)
    if (UNLIKELY (prctl (PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0))
      return crun_make_error (err, errno, "no new privs");

  return 0;
}

static int
read_caps (unsigned long caps[2], char **values, size_t len)
{
#ifdef HAVE_CAP
  size_t i;
  for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
    {
      cap_value_t cap;
      if (cap_from_name (values[i], &cap) < 0)
        {
          libcrun_warning ("unknown cap: `%s`", values[i]);
          continue;
        }
      if (cap < 32)
        caps[0] |= CAP_TO_MASK_0 (cap);
      else
        caps[1] |= CAP_TO_MASK_1 (cap);
    }
#else
  caps[0] = 0;
  caps[1] = 0;
#endif
  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_selinux_exec_label (runtime_spec_schema_config_schema_process *proc, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  if (proc->selinux_label)
    return set_selinux_exec_label (proc->selinux_label, err);

  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_apparmor_profile (runtime_spec_schema_config_schema_process *proc, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  if (proc->apparmor_profile)
    return set_apparmor_profile (proc->apparmor_profile, err);
  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_caps (runtime_spec_schema_config_schema_process_capabilities *capabilities, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
                  int no_new_privileges, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  struct all_caps_s caps = {};

  if (capabilities)
    {
      read_caps (caps.effective, capabilities->effective, capabilities->effective_len);
      read_caps (caps.inheritable, capabilities->inheritable, capabilities->inheritable_len);
      read_caps (caps.ambient, capabilities->ambient, capabilities->ambient_len);
      read_caps (caps.bounding, capabilities->bounding, capabilities->bounding_len);
      read_caps (caps.permitted, capabilities->permitted, capabilities->permitted_len);
    }
  return set_required_caps (&caps, uid, gid, no_new_privileges, err);
}

struct rlimit_s
{
  const char *name;
  int value;
};

struct rlimit_s rlimits[] = { { "RLIMIT_AS", RLIMIT_AS },
                              { "RLIMIT_CORE", RLIMIT_CORE },
                              { "RLIMIT_CPU", RLIMIT_CPU },
                              { "RLIMIT_DATA", RLIMIT_DATA },
                              { "RLIMIT_FSIZE", RLIMIT_FSIZE },
                              { "RLIMIT_LOCKS", RLIMIT_LOCKS },
                              { "RLIMIT_MEMLOCK", RLIMIT_MEMLOCK },
                              { "RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE", RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE },
                              { "RLIMIT_NICE", RLIMIT_NICE },
                              { "RLIMIT_NOFILE", RLIMIT_NOFILE },
                              { "RLIMIT_NPROC", RLIMIT_NPROC },
                              { "RLIMIT_RSS", RLIMIT_RSS },
                              { "RLIMIT_RTPRIO", RLIMIT_RTPRIO },
                              { "RLIMIT_RTTIME", RLIMIT_RTTIME },
                              { "RLIMIT_SIGPENDING", RLIMIT_SIGPENDING },
                              { "RLIMIT_STACK", RLIMIT_STACK },
                              { NULL, 0 } };

static int
get_rlimit_resource (const char *name)
{
  struct rlimit_s *it;
  for (it = rlimits; it->name; it++)
    if (strcmp (it->name, name) == 0)
      return it->value;
  return -1;
}

int
libcrun_set_rlimits (runtime_spec_schema_config_schema_process_rlimits_element **new_rlimits, size_t len,
                     libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  size_t i;
  for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
    {
      struct rlimit limit;
      char *type = new_rlimits[i]->type;
      int resource = get_rlimit_resource (type);
      if (UNLIKELY (resource < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, 0, "invalid rlimit `%s`", type);
      limit.rlim_cur = new_rlimits[i]->soft;
      limit.rlim_max = new_rlimits[i]->hard;
      if (UNLIKELY (setrlimit (resource, &limit) < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "setrlimit `%s`", type);
    }
  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_hostname (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  int has_uts = get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags & CLONE_NEWUTS;
  int ret;
  if (def->hostname == NULL || def->hostname[0] == '\0')
    return 0;
  if (! has_uts)
    return crun_make_error (err, 0, "hostname requires the UTS namespace");
  ret = sethostname (def->hostname, strlen (def->hostname));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "sethostname");
  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_oom (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  cleanup_close int fd = -1;
  int ret;
  char oom_buffer[16];
  if (def->process == NULL || def->process->oom_score_adj == 0)
    return 0;
  sprintf (oom_buffer, "%i", def->process->oom_score_adj);
  fd = open ("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", O_RDWR);
  if (fd < 0)
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open /proc/self/oom_score_adj");
  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (fd, oom_buffer, strlen (oom_buffer)));
  if (ret < 0)
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "write to /proc/self/oom_score_adj");
  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_sysctl_from_schema (runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  size_t i;
  cleanup_close int dirfd = -1;

  if (! def->linux || ! def->linux->sysctl)
    return 0;

  dirfd = open ("/proc/sys", O_DIRECTORY | O_RDONLY);
  if (UNLIKELY (dirfd < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open /proc/sys");

  for (i = 0; i < def->linux->sysctl->len; i++)
    {
      cleanup_free char *name = xstrdup (def->linux->sysctl->keys[i]);
      cleanup_close int fd = -1;
      int ret;
      char *it;
      for (it = name; *it; it++)
        if (*it == '.')
          *it = '/';

      fd = openat (dirfd, name, O_WRONLY);
      if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open /proc/sys/%s", name);

      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (fd, def->linux->sysctl->values[i], strlen (def->linux->sysctl->values[i])));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "write to /proc/sys/%s", name);
    }
  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_set_sysctl (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  return libcrun_set_sysctl_from_schema (container->container_def, err);
}

static uid_t
get_uid_for_intermediate_userns (libcrun_container_t *container)
{
  if (container->use_intermediate_userns)
    return 0;

  if (container->container_def->process && container->container_def->process->user)
    return container->container_def->process->user->uid;

  return 0;
}

static int
open_terminal (libcrun_container_t *container, char **pty, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_close int fd = -1;

  fd = libcrun_new_terminal (pty, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
    return fd;

  ret = libcrun_set_stdio (*pty, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  if (container->container_def->process && container->container_def->process->user
      && container->container_def->process->user->uid)
    {
      uid_t uid = get_uid_for_intermediate_userns (container);

      ret = chown (*pty, uid, -1);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chown `%s`", *pty);
    }

  ret = get_and_reset (&fd);
  return ret;
}

char *
libcrun_get_external_descriptors (libcrun_container_t *container)
{
  return get_private_data (container)->external_descriptors;
}

static int
save_external_descriptors (libcrun_container_t *container, pid_t pid, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  const unsigned char *buf = NULL;
  yajl_gen gen = NULL;
  size_t buf_len;
  int ret;
  int i;

  gen = yajl_gen_alloc (NULL);
  if (gen == NULL)
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "yajl_gen_alloc");

  ret = yajl_gen_array_open (gen);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret != yajl_gen_status_ok))
    goto yajl_error;

  /* Remember original stdin, stdout, stderr for container restore.  */
  for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
    {
      char fd_path[64];
      char link_path[PATH_MAX];
      sprintf (fd_path, "/proc/%d/fd/%d", pid, i);
      ret = readlink (fd_path, link_path, PATH_MAX - 1);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        {
          /* The fd could not exist.  */
          if (errno == ENOENT)
            {
              strcpy (link_path, "/dev/null");
              ret = 9; /* strlen ("/dev/null").  */
            }
          else
            {
              yajl_gen_free (gen);
              return crun_make_error (err, errno, "readlink");
            }
        }
      link_path[ret] = 0;

      ret = yajl_gen_string (gen, YAJL_STR (link_path), ret);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret != yajl_gen_status_ok))
        goto yajl_error;
    }

  ret = yajl_gen_array_close (gen);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret != yajl_gen_status_ok))
    goto yajl_error;

  ret = yajl_gen_get_buf (gen, &buf, &buf_len);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret != yajl_gen_status_ok))
    goto yajl_error;

  if (buf)
    {
      char *b = xmalloc (buf_len + 1);
      memcpy (b, buf, buf_len);
      b[buf_len] = '\0';
      get_private_data (container)->external_descriptors = b;
    }

  yajl_gen_free (gen);

  return 0;

yajl_error:
  if (gen)
    yajl_gen_free (gen);
  return yajl_error_to_crun_error (ret, err);
}

int
libcrun_set_terminal (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_close int fd = -1;
  cleanup_free char *pty = NULL;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;

  if (def->process == NULL || ! def->process->terminal)
    return 0;

  fd = open_terminal (container, &pty, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
    return fd;

  if (def->process->console_size)
    {
      ret = libcrun_terminal_setup_size (0, def->process->console_size->height, def->process->console_size->width, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  ret = write_file ("/dev/console", NULL, 0, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    {
      int ret_exists;
      libcrun_error_t tmp_err = NULL;

      ret_exists = crun_path_exists ("/dev/console", &tmp_err);
      /* Always ignore errors from crun_path_exists.  */
      if (UNLIKELY (ret_exists < 0))
        crun_error_release (&tmp_err);

      /* If the file doesn't exist or crun_path_exists failed, return the original error.  */
      if (ret_exists <= 0)
        return ret;

      /* Otherwise ignore errors and try to bind mount on top of it.  */
      crun_error_release (err);
    }

  ret = do_mount (container, pty, -1, "/dev/console", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL, LABEL_MOUNT, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  return get_and_reset (&fd);
}

static bool
read_error_from_sync_socket (int sync_socket_fd, int *error, char **str)
{
  cleanup_free char *b = NULL;
  size_t size;
  int code;
  int ret;

  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_socket_fd, &code, sizeof (code)));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return false;

  *error = code;

  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_socket_fd, &size, sizeof (size)));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return false;

  if (size == 0)
    return false;

  if (size > 1024)
    size = 1024;

  b = xmalloc (size + 1);
  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_socket_fd, b, size));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return false;

  b[ret] = '\0';

  *str = b;
  b = NULL;
  return true;
}

static bool
send_error_to_sync_socket (int sync_socket_fd, bool has_fd, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  int code;
  size_t size;
  char *msg;

  if (err == NULL || *err == NULL)
    return false;

  code = crun_error_get_errno (err);

  if (has_fd)
    {
      /* dummy terminal fd.  */
      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_fd, "1", 1));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return false;
    }

  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_fd, &code, sizeof (code)));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return false;

  msg = (*err)->msg;
  size = strlen (msg) + 1;
  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_fd, &size, sizeof (size)));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return false;

  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_fd, msg, size));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return false;

  return true;
}

static __attribute__ ((noreturn)) void
send_error_to_sync_socket_and_die (int sync_socket_fd, bool has_terminal, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  char *msg;

  if (err == NULL || *err == NULL)
    _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);

  if (send_error_to_sync_socket (sync_socket_fd, has_terminal, err))
    _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);

  errno = crun_error_get_errno (err);
  msg = (*err)->msg;
  libcrun_fail_with_error (errno, msg);
  _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static int
expect_success_from_sync_socket (int sync_fd, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int err_code;
  cleanup_free char *err_str = NULL;
  char res = 1;
  int ret;

  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_fd, &res, 1));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret != 1))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "read status from sync socket");

  if (res == 0)
    return 0;

  if (read_error_from_sync_socket (sync_fd, &err_code, &err_str))
    return crun_make_error (err, err_code, "%s", err_str);

  return crun_error_wrap (err, "read from sync socket");
}

static int
join_namespaces (runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def, int *namespaces_to_join, int n_namespaces_to_join,
                 int *namespaces_to_join_index, bool ignore_join_errors, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  int i;

  for (i = 0; i < n_namespaces_to_join; i++)
    {
      cleanup_free char *cwd = NULL;
      int orig_index = namespaces_to_join_index[i];
      int value;

      if (namespaces_to_join[i] < 0)
        continue;

      /* Skip the user namespace.  */
      value = libcrun_find_namespace (def->linux->namespaces[orig_index]->type);
      if (value == CLONE_NEWUSER)
        continue;

      if (value == CLONE_NEWNS)
        {
          cwd = getcwd (NULL, 0);
          if (UNLIKELY (cwd == NULL))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot get current working directory");
        }

      ret = setns (namespaces_to_join[i], value);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        {
          if (ignore_join_errors)
            continue;
          return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot setns `%s`", def->linux->namespaces[orig_index]->path);
        }

      close_and_reset (&namespaces_to_join[i]);

      if (value == CLONE_NEWNS)
        {
          ret = chdir (cwd);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "chdir(.)");
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

#define MAX_NAMESPACES 10

struct init_status_s
{
  /* fd to the namespace to join.  */
  int fd[MAX_NAMESPACES + 1];
  /* Index into def->linux->namespaces.  */
  int index[MAX_NAMESPACES];
  /* CLONE_* value.  */
  int value[MAX_NAMESPACES];
  /* How many namespaces to join.  */
  size_t fd_len;

  bool join_pidns;
  bool join_ipcns;

  /* Must create the user namespace after joining
     some existing namespaces.  */
  bool delayed_userns_create;

  /* Need to fork again once in the container.  */
  bool must_fork;

  /* fd index for userns.  */
  int userns_index;
  /* def->linux->namespaces userns.  */
  int userns_index_origin;

  /* All namespaces created/joined by the container.  */
  int all_namespaces;

  /* What namespaces are still missing to be created.  */
  int namespaces_to_unshare;

  /* Index in fd[] for the pidns that must be joined before any
     other namespace.  */
  int idx_pidns_to_join_immediately;

  /* Index in fd[] for the timens that must be joined before any
     other namespace.  */
  int idx_timens_to_join_immediately;
};

void
cleanup_free_init_statusp (struct init_status_s *ns)
{
  size_t i;

  for (i = 0; i < ns->fd_len; i++)
    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (ns->fd[i]));
}

static int
configure_init_status (struct init_status_s *ns, libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  size_t i;

  for (i = 0; i < MAX_NAMESPACES + 1; i++)
    ns->fd[i] = -1;

  ns->fd_len = 0;
  ns->all_namespaces = 0;
  ns->namespaces_to_unshare = 0;
  ns->join_pidns = false;
  ns->join_ipcns = false;
  ns->must_fork = false;
  ns->delayed_userns_create = false;
  ns->userns_index = -1;
  ns->userns_index_origin = -1;
  ns->idx_pidns_to_join_immediately = -1;
  ns->idx_timens_to_join_immediately = -1;

  for (i = 0; i < def->linux->namespaces_len; i++)
    {
      int value = libcrun_find_namespace (def->linux->namespaces[i]->type);
      if (UNLIKELY (value < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, 0, "invalid namespace type: `%s`", def->linux->namespaces[i]->type);

      ns->all_namespaces |= value;

      if (def->linux->namespaces[i]->path == NULL)
        ns->namespaces_to_unshare |= value;
      else
        {
          int fd;

          if (ns->fd_len >= MAX_NAMESPACES)
            return crun_make_error (err, 0, "too many namespaces to join");

          fd = open (def->linux->namespaces[i]->path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
          if (UNLIKELY (fd < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", def->linux->namespaces[i]->path);

          if (value == CLONE_NEWUSER)
            {
              ns->userns_index = ns->fd_len;
              ns->userns_index_origin = i;
            }

          ns->fd[ns->fd_len] = fd;
          ns->index[ns->fd_len] = i;
          ns->value[ns->fd_len] = value;
          ns->fd_len++;
          ns->fd[ns->fd_len] = -1;
        }
    }

  if (container->host_uid && (ns->all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER) == 0)
    {
      libcrun_warning ("non root user need to have an 'user' namespace");
      ns->all_namespaces |= CLONE_NEWUSER;
      ns->namespaces_to_unshare |= CLONE_NEWUSER;
    }

  return 0;
}

/* Detect if root is available in the container.  */
static bool
root_mapped_in_container_p (runtime_spec_schema_defs_id_mapping **mappings, size_t len)
{
  size_t i;

  for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
    if (mappings[i]->container_id == 0)
      return true;

  return false;
}

static int
set_id_init (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  uid_t uid = 0;
  gid_t gid = 0;
  int ret;

  if (def->process && def->process->user && def->linux)
    {
      /*
        If it is running in a user namespace and root is not mapped
        use the UID/GID specified for running the container.
      */
      bool root_mapped = false;

      if (def->linux->uid_mappings_len != 0)
        {
          root_mapped = root_mapped_in_container_p (def->linux->uid_mappings, def->linux->uid_mappings_len);
          if (! root_mapped)
            uid = def->process->user->uid;
        }

      if (def->linux->gid_mappings_len != 0)
        {
          root_mapped = root_mapped_in_container_p (def->linux->gid_mappings, def->linux->gid_mappings_len);
          if (! root_mapped)
            gid = def->process->user->gid;
        }
    }

  ret = setresuid (uid, uid, uid);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "setresuid to %d", uid);

  ret = setresgid (gid, gid, gid);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "setresgid to %d", gid);

  return 0;
}

static int
init_container (libcrun_container_t *container, int sync_socket_container, struct init_status_s *init_status,
                libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  cleanup_close int mqueuefsfd = -1;
  cleanup_close int procfsfd = -1;
  pid_t pid_container = 0;
  size_t i;
  int ret;
  const char success = 0;

  if (init_status->idx_pidns_to_join_immediately >= 0 || init_status->idx_timens_to_join_immediately >= 0)
    {
      pid_t new_pid;

      if (init_status->idx_pidns_to_join_immediately >= 0)
        {
          ret = setns (init_status->fd[init_status->idx_pidns_to_join_immediately], CLONE_NEWPID);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot setns to target pidns");

          close_and_reset (&init_status->fd[init_status->idx_pidns_to_join_immediately]);
        }

      if (init_status->idx_timens_to_join_immediately >= 0)
        {
          ret = setns (init_status->fd[init_status->idx_timens_to_join_immediately], CLONE_NEWTIME);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot setns to target timens");

          close_and_reset (&init_status->fd[init_status->idx_timens_to_join_immediately]);
        }

      new_pid = fork ();
      if (UNLIKELY (new_pid < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "fork");

      if (new_pid)
        {
          /* Report the new PID to the parent and exit immediately.  */
          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_container, &success, 1));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            kill (new_pid, SIGKILL);

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_container, &new_pid, sizeof (new_pid)));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            kill (new_pid, SIGKILL);

          _exit (0);
        }

      /* In the new processs.  Wait for the parent to receive the new PID.  */
      ret = expect_success_from_sync_socket (sync_socket_container, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  ret = libcrun_set_oom (container, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  if (init_status->fd_len > 0)
    {
      ret = join_namespaces (def, init_status->fd, init_status->fd_len, init_status->index, true, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  /* If the container needs to join an existing PID namespace, take a reference to it
     before creating a new user namespace, as we could lose the access to the existing
     namespace.  */
  if ((init_status->all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER) && (init_status->join_pidns || init_status->join_ipcns))
    {
      for (i = 0; i < def->mounts_len; i++)
        {
          /* If for any reason the mount cannot be opened, ignore errors and continue.
             An error will be generated later if it is not possible to join the namespace.
          */
          if (init_status->join_pidns && strcmp (def->mounts[i]->type, "proc") == 0)
            procfsfd = fsopen_mount (def->mounts[i]);
          if (init_status->join_ipcns && strcmp (def->mounts[i]->type, "mqueue") == 0)
            mqueuefsfd = fsopen_mount (def->mounts[i]);
        }
    }

  if (init_status->all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER)
    {
      if (init_status->delayed_userns_create)
        {
          ret = unshare (CLONE_NEWUSER);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "unshare (CLONE_NEWUSER)");

          init_status->namespaces_to_unshare &= ~CLONE_NEWUSER;

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_container, &success, 1));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "write to sync socket");
        }

      if (init_status->userns_index < 0)
        {
          char tmp;

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_socket_container, &tmp, 1));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "read from sync socket");
        }
      else
        {
          /* If we need to join another user namespace, do it immediately before creating any other namespace. */
          ret = setns (init_status->fd[init_status->userns_index], CLONE_NEWUSER);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot setns `%s`",
                                    def->linux->namespaces[init_status->userns_index_origin]->path);
        }

      ret = set_id_init (container, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  ret = join_namespaces (def, init_status->fd, init_status->fd_len, init_status->index, false, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  if (init_status->namespaces_to_unshare & ~CLONE_NEWCGROUP)
    {
      /* New namespaces to create for the container.  */
      ret = unshare (init_status->namespaces_to_unshare & ~CLONE_NEWCGROUP);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "unshare");
    }

  if (init_status->all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWTIME)
    {
      const char *v = find_annotation (container, "run.oci.timens_offset");
      if (v)
        {
          ret = write_file ("/proc/self/timens_offsets", v, strlen (v), err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }
    }

  if (init_status->must_fork)
    {
      /* A PID and a time namespace are joined when the new process is created.  */
      pid_container = fork ();
      if (UNLIKELY (pid_container < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot fork");

      /* Report back the new PID.  */
      if (pid_container)
        {
          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_container, &success, 1));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_container, &pid_container, sizeof (pid_container)));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "write to sync socket");

          _exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }

      ret = expect_success_from_sync_socket (sync_socket_container, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  ret = libcrun_container_setgroups (container, container->container_def->process, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  get_private_data (container)->procfsfd = get_and_reset (&procfsfd);
  get_private_data (container)->mqueuefsfd = get_and_reset (&mqueuefsfd);

  return 0;
}

pid_t
libcrun_run_linux_container (libcrun_container_t *container, container_entrypoint_t entrypoint, void *args,
                             int *sync_socket_out, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  __attribute__ ((cleanup (cleanup_free_init_statusp))) struct init_status_s init_status;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  cleanup_close int sync_socket_container = -1;
  char *notify_socket_env = NULL;
  cleanup_close int sync_socket_host = -1;
  __attribute__ ((unused)) cleanup_close int restore_pidns = -1;
  int first_clone_args = 0;
  const char failure = 1;
  const char success = 0;
  int sync_socket[2];
  pid_t pid;
  size_t i;
  int ret;

  ret = configure_init_status (&init_status, container, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  get_private_data (container)->unshare_flags = init_status.all_namespaces;
#if CLONE_NEWCGROUP
  /* cgroup will be unshared later.  Once the process is in the correct cgroup.  */
  init_status.all_namespaces &= ~CLONE_NEWCGROUP;
#endif

  ret = socketpair (AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, sync_socket);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "socketpair");

  sync_socket_host = sync_socket[0];
  sync_socket_container = sync_socket[1];

#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEMD
  if (def->root)
    {
      ret = do_notify_socket (container, def->root->path, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }
#endif

  get_uid_gid_from_def (container->container_def, &container->container_uid, &container->container_gid);

  /* This must be done before we enter a user namespace.  */
  if (def->process)
    {
      ret = libcrun_set_rlimits (def->process->rlimits, def->process->rlimits_len, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  ret = libcrun_set_oom (container, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  /* If a new user namespace must be created, but there are other namespaces to join, then delay
     the userns creation after the namespaces are joined.  */
  init_status.delayed_userns_create
      = (init_status.all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER) && init_status.userns_index < 0 && init_status.fd_len > 0;

  /* Check if special handling is required to join the namespaces.  */
  for (i = 0; i < init_status.fd_len; i++)
    {
      switch (init_status.value[i])
        {
        case CLONE_NEWIPC:
          if (init_status.all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER)
            init_status.join_ipcns = true;
          break;

        case CLONE_NEWPID:
          if ((init_status.all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER) == 0)
            init_status.must_fork = true;
          else
            {
              init_status.join_pidns = true;
              init_status.idx_pidns_to_join_immediately = i;
              init_status.namespaces_to_unshare &= ~CLONE_NEWPID;
            }
          break;

        case CLONE_NEWTIME:
          if ((init_status.all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER) == 0)
            init_status.must_fork = true;
          else
            {
              init_status.idx_timens_to_join_immediately = i;
              init_status.namespaces_to_unshare &= ~CLONE_NEWTIME;
            }
          break;
        }
    }

  /* Before attempting any setns() or unshare(), a clone() is required to not touch the caller context
     that can be used later on for running hooks.  */

  if ((init_status.namespaces_to_unshare & CLONE_NEWUSER) && init_status.fd_len == 0)
    {
      /* If a user namespace must be created and there are no other namespaces to join, create the userns alone.  */
      first_clone_args = CLONE_NEWUSER;
    }
  else if ((init_status.all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER) == 0)
    {
      /* If it doesn't create a user namespace or need to join one, create the new requested namespaces now. */
      first_clone_args = init_status.namespaces_to_unshare & ~(CLONE_NEWTIME | CLONE_NEWCGROUP);
    }

  pid = syscall_clone (first_clone_args | SIGCHLD, NULL);
  if (UNLIKELY (pid < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "clone");

  init_status.namespaces_to_unshare &= ~first_clone_args;

  /* Check if there are still namespaces that require a fork().  */
  if (init_status.namespaces_to_unshare & (CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWTIME))
    init_status.must_fork = true;

  if (pid)
    {
      cleanup_pid pid_t pid_to_clean = pid;

      ret = save_external_descriptors (container, pid, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      ret = close_and_reset (&sync_socket_container);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "close");

      /* any systemd notify socket open_tree FD is pointless to keep around in the parent */
      close_and_reset (&(get_private_data (container)->notify_socket_tree_fd));

      if (init_status.idx_pidns_to_join_immediately >= 0 || init_status.idx_timens_to_join_immediately >= 0)
        {
          pid_t new_pid = 0;

          ret = expect_success_from_sync_socket (sync_socket_host, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_socket_host, &new_pid, sizeof (new_pid)));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret != sizeof (new_pid)))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "read pid from sync socket");

          /* Cleanup the first process.  */
          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (waitpid (pid, NULL, 0));

          pid_to_clean = pid = new_pid;

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_host, &success, 1));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }

      if (init_status.delayed_userns_create)
        {
          ret = expect_success_from_sync_socket (sync_socket_host, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;
        }

      if ((init_status.all_namespaces & CLONE_NEWUSER) && init_status.userns_index < 0)
        {
          ret = libcrun_set_usernamespace (container, pid, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_host, "1", 1));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "write to sync socket");
        }

      if (init_status.must_fork)
        {
          pid_t grandchild = 0;

          ret = expect_success_from_sync_socket (sync_socket_host, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_socket_host, &grandchild, sizeof (grandchild)));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "read pid from sync socket");

          ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_host, &success, 1));
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return ret;

          /* Cleanup the first process.  */
          waitpid (pid, NULL, 0);

          pid_to_clean = pid = grandchild;
        }

      ret = expect_success_from_sync_socket (sync_socket_host, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;

      *sync_socket_out = get_and_reset (&sync_socket_host);

      pid_to_clean = 0;
      return pid;
    }

  /* Inside the container process.  */

  ret = close_and_reset (&sync_socket_host);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "close");

  /* Initialize the new process and make sure to join/create all the required namespaces.  */
  ret = init_container (container, sync_socket_container, &init_status, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    {
      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_container, &failure, 1));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        goto localfail;

      send_error_to_sync_socket_and_die (sync_socket_container, false, err);

    localfail:
      libcrun_fail_with_error ((*err)->status, "%s", (*err)->msg);
      _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
  else
    {
      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_socket_container, &success, 1));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return ret;
    }

  /* Jump into the specified entrypoint.  */
  if (container->context->notify_socket)
    xasprintf (&notify_socket_env, "NOTIFY_SOCKET=%s/notify", container->context->notify_socket);

  entrypoint (args, notify_socket_env, sync_socket_container, err);

  /* ENTRYPOINT returns only on an error, fallback here: */
  if (*err)
    libcrun_fail_with_error ((*err)->status, "%s", (*err)->msg);
  _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static int
join_process_parent_helper (pid_t child_pid, int sync_socket_fd, libcrun_container_status_t *status, int *terminal_fd,
                            libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret, pid_status;
  char res;
  pid_t pid;
  cleanup_close int sync_fd = sync_socket_fd;

  if (terminal_fd)
    *terminal_fd = -1;

  /* Read the status and the PID from the child process.  */
  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_fd, &res, 1));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "read from sync socket");

  if (res != '0')
    return crun_make_error (err, 0, "fail startup");

  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_fd, &pid, sizeof (pid)));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "read from sync socket");

  /* Wait for the child pid so we ensure the grandchild gets properly reparented.  */
  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (waitpid (child_pid, &pid_status, 0));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "waitpid for exec child pid");

  ret = libcrun_move_process_to_cgroup (pid, status->pid, status->cgroup_path, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  /* The write unblocks the grandchild process so it can run once we setup
     the cgroups.  */
  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_fd, &ret, sizeof (ret)));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "write to sync socket");

  if (terminal_fd)
    {
      ret = receive_fd_from_socket (sync_fd, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        {
          int err_code;
          cleanup_free char *err_str = NULL;

          if (read_error_from_sync_socket (sync_fd, &err_code, &err_str))
            return crun_make_error (err, err_code, "%s", err_str);

          return crun_error_wrap (err, "receive fd");
        }
      *terminal_fd = ret;
    }

  return pid;
}

int
libcrun_join_process (libcrun_container_t *container, pid_t pid_to_join, libcrun_container_status_t *status, int detach,
                      int *terminal_fd, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  pid_t pid;
  int ret;
  int sync_socket_fd[2];
  int fds[10] = {
    -1,
  };
  int fds_joined[10] = {
    0,
  };
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  size_t i;
  cleanup_close int sync_fd = -1;

  if (! detach)
    {
      ret = prctl (PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER, 1, 0, 0, 0);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "set child subreaper");
    }

  ret = socketpair (AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, sync_socket_fd);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "error creating socketpair");

  pid = fork ();
  if (UNLIKELY (pid < 0))
    {
      crun_make_error (err, errno, "fork");
      goto exit;
    }
  if (pid)
    {
      close_and_reset (&sync_socket_fd[1]);
      sync_fd = sync_socket_fd[0];
      return join_process_parent_helper (pid, sync_fd, status, terminal_fd, err);
    }

  close_and_reset (&sync_socket_fd[0]);
  sync_fd = sync_socket_fd[1];

  if (def->linux->namespaces_len >= 10)
    {
      crun_make_error (err, 0, "invalid configuration");
      goto exit;
    }

  for (i = 0; namespaces[i].ns_file; i++)
    {
      cleanup_free char *ns_join = NULL;

      xasprintf (&ns_join, "/proc/%d/ns/%s", pid_to_join, namespaces[i].ns_file);
      fds[i] = open (ns_join, O_RDONLY);
      if (UNLIKELY (fds[i] < 0))
        {
          /* If the namespace doesn't exist, just ignore it.  */
          if (errno == ENOENT)
            continue;
          ret = crun_make_error (err, errno, "open `%s`", ns_join);
          goto exit;
        }
    }

  for (i = 0; namespaces[i].ns_file; i++)
    {
      if (namespaces[i].value == CLONE_NEWUSER)
        continue;

      ret = setns (fds[i], 0);
      if (ret == 0)
        fds_joined[i] = 1;
    }
  for (i = 0; namespaces[i].ns_file; i++)
    {
      ret = setns (fds[i], 0);
      if (ret == 0)
        fds_joined[i] = 1;
    }
  for (i = 0; namespaces[i].ns_file; i++)
    {
      if (fds_joined[i])
        continue;
      ret = setns (fds[i], 0);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0 && errno != EINVAL))
        {
          size_t j;
          bool found = false;

          for (j = 0; j < def->linux->namespaces_len; j++)
            {
              if (strcmp (namespaces[i].ns_file, def->linux->namespaces[j]->type) == 0)
                {
                  found = true;
                  break;
                }
            }
          if (! found)
            {
              /* It was not requested to create this ns, so just ignore it.  */
              fds_joined[i] = 1;
              continue;
            }
          crun_make_error (err, errno, "setns `%s`", namespaces[i].ns_file);
          goto exit;
        }
      fds_joined[i] = 1;
    }
  for (i = 0; namespaces[i].ns_file; i++)
    close_and_reset (&fds[i]);

  if (setsid () < 0)
    {
      crun_make_error (err, errno, "setsid");
      goto exit;
    }

  /* We need to fork once again to join the PID namespace.  */
  pid = fork ();
  if (UNLIKELY (pid < 0))
    {
      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_fd, "1", 1));
      crun_make_error (err, errno, "fork");
      goto exit;
    }

  if (pid)
    {
      /* Just return the PID to the parent helper and exit.  */
      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_fd, "0", 1));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);

      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (sync_fd, &pid, sizeof (pid)));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);

      _exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }
  else
    {
      /* Inside the grandchild process.  The real process
         used for the container.  */
      int r = -1;
      cleanup_free char *pty = NULL;

      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (sync_fd, &r, sizeof (r)));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);

      if (terminal_fd)
        {
          cleanup_close int ptmx_fd = -1;

          ret = setsid ();
          if (ret < 0)
            {
              crun_make_error (err, errno, "setsid");
              send_error_to_sync_socket_and_die (sync_fd, true, err);
            }

          ret = set_id_init (container, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            send_error_to_sync_socket_and_die (sync_fd, true, err);

          ptmx_fd = open_terminal (container, &pty, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ptmx_fd < 0))
            send_error_to_sync_socket_and_die (sync_fd, true, err);

          ret = send_fd_to_socket (sync_fd, ptmx_fd, err);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            send_error_to_sync_socket_and_die (sync_fd, true, err);
        }

      if (r < 0)
        _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

  return pid;

exit:
  if (sync_socket_fd[0] >= 0)
    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (sync_socket_fd[0]));
  if (sync_socket_fd[1] >= 0)
    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (sync_socket_fd[1]));
  for (i = 0; namespaces[i].ns_file; i++)
    if (fds[i] >= 0)
      TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (fds[i]));
  return ret;
}

int
libcrun_linux_container_update (libcrun_container_status_t *status, const char *content, size_t len arg_unused,
                                libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  yajl_val tree = NULL;
  parser_error parser_err = NULL;
  runtime_spec_schema_config_linux_resources *resources = NULL;
  struct parser_context ctx = { 0, stderr };
  int cgroup_mode;

  cgroup_mode = libcrun_get_cgroup_mode (err);
  if (UNLIKELY (cgroup_mode < 0))
    return cgroup_mode;

  ret = parse_json_file (&tree, content, &ctx, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return -1;

  resources = make_runtime_spec_schema_config_linux_resources (tree, &ctx, &parser_err);
  if (UNLIKELY (resources == NULL))
    {
      ret = crun_make_error (err, errno, "cannot parse resources");
      goto cleanup;
    }

  ret = libcrun_update_cgroup_resources (cgroup_mode, resources, status->cgroup_path, err);

cleanup:
  if (tree)
    yajl_tree_free (tree);
  free (parser_err);
  if (resources)
    free_runtime_spec_schema_config_linux_resources (resources);

  return ret;
}

static int
libcrun_container_pause_unpause_linux (libcrun_container_status_t *status, const bool pause, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  return libcrun_cgroup_pause_unpause (status->cgroup_path, pause, err);
}

int
libcrun_container_pause_linux (libcrun_container_status_t *status, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  return libcrun_container_pause_unpause_linux (status, true, err);
}

int
libcrun_container_unpause_linux (libcrun_container_status_t *status, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  return libcrun_container_pause_unpause_linux (status, false, err);
}

int
libcrun_set_personality (runtime_spec_schema_defs_linux_personality *p, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  unsigned long persona = 0;
  int ret;

  if (strcmp (p->domain, "LINUX") == 0)
    persona = PER_LINUX;
  else if (strcmp (p->domain, "LINUX32") == 0)
    persona = PER_LINUX32;
  else
    return crun_make_error (err, 0, "unknown persona specified `%s`", p->domain);

  ret = personality (persona);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, 0, "set personality to `%s`", p->domain);

  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_configure_network (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  size_t i;
  bool configure_network = false;
  struct ifreq ifr_lo = { .ifr_name = "lo", .ifr_flags = IFF_UP | IFF_RUNNING };
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  cleanup_close int sockfd = -1;

  for (i = 0; i < def->linux->namespaces_len; i++)
    {
      int value = libcrun_find_namespace (def->linux->namespaces[i]->type);
      if (UNLIKELY (value < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, 0, "invalid namespace type: `%s`", def->linux->namespaces[i]->type);

      if (value == CLONE_NEWNET && def->linux->namespaces[i]->path == NULL)
        {
          configure_network = true;
          break;
        }
    }

  if (! configure_network)
    return 0;

  sockfd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
  if (sockfd < 0)
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "socket");

  ret = ioctl (sockfd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr_lo);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "ioctl(SIOCSIFFLAGS)");

  return 0;
}

/* Protection for attacks like CVE-2019-5736.  */
int ensure_cloned_binary ();
__attribute__ ((constructor)) static void
libcrun_rexec (void)
{
  if (ensure_cloned_binary () < 0)
    {
      fprintf (stderr, "Failed to re-execute libcrun via memory file descriptor\n");
      _exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}

int
libcrun_container_checkpoint_linux (libcrun_container_status_t *status, libcrun_container_t *container,
                                    libcrun_checkpoint_restore_t *cr_options, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  return libcrun_container_checkpoint_linux_criu (status, container, cr_options, err);
}

int
libcrun_container_restore_linux (libcrun_container_status_t *status, libcrun_container_t *container,
                                 libcrun_checkpoint_restore_t *cr_options, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  ret = libcrun_container_restore_linux_criu (status, container, cr_options, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  get_private_data (container)->external_descriptors = status->external_descriptors;

  return 0;
}

int
libcrun_kill_linux (libcrun_container_status_t *status, int signal, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  int ret;
  cleanup_close int pidfd = -1;

  pidfd = syscall_pidfd_open (status->pid, 0);
  if (UNLIKELY (pidfd < 0))
    {
      /* If pidfd_open is not supported, fallback to kill.  */
      if (errno == ENOSYS)
        {
          ret = kill (status->pid, signal);
          if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
            return crun_make_error (err, errno, "kill container");
          return 0;
        }
      return crun_make_error (err, errno, "open pidfd");
    }

  ret = libcrun_check_pid_valid (status, err);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return ret;

  /* The pid is not valid anymore, return an error.  */
  if (ret == 0)
    {
      errno = ESRCH;
      return crun_make_error (err, errno, "kill container");
    }

  ret = syscall_pidfd_send_signal (pidfd, signal, NULL, 0);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "send signal to pidfd");

  return 0;
}

/*
   Used when creating an intermediate user namespace.
   If the container is running with a single UID/GID mapped, and specifies
   a different UID/GID, then create an intermediate user namespace to do
   all the configuration as root, and then once the container is set up,
   create a new user namespace to map root to the desired UID/GID.
   This implementation has some issues as some namespaces in the container
   won't be owned by the final user namespace and it creates a process inside
   the container PID namespace, so the next created process won't have pid=2.
   Some of these issues could be solved or at least mitigated, but it is not worth
   at the moment to add more complexity to address these corner cases.
*/
int
libcrun_create_final_userns (libcrun_container_t *container, libcrun_error_t *err)
{
  runtime_spec_schema_config_schema *def = container->container_def;
  cleanup_close int closep0 = -1;
  cleanup_close int closep1 = -1;
  int pid_status;
  pid_t pid, target_pid;
  int to_unshare;
  size_t i;
  int p[2];
  int ret;

  ret = pipe2 (p, O_CLOEXEC);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "create pipe2");

  closep0 = p[0];
  closep1 = p[1];

  target_pid = getpid ();

  pid = fork ();
  if (UNLIKELY (pid < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "fork");

  if (pid == 0)
    {
      cleanup_free char *uid_map_file = NULL;
      cleanup_free char *gid_map_file = NULL;
      cleanup_free char *uid_map = NULL;
      cleanup_free char *gid_map = NULL;
      char buffer[1];
      size_t len;
      uid_t uid = -1;
      gid_t gid = -1;

      close_and_reset (&closep1);

      ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (read (p[0], buffer, sizeof (buffer)));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        _exit (errno);

      if (container->container_def->process && container->container_def->process->user)
        {
          uid = container->container_def->process->user->uid;
          gid = container->container_def->process->user->gid;
        }
      xasprintf (&uid_map_file, "/proc/%d/uid_map", target_pid);
      xasprintf (&gid_map_file, "/proc/%d/gid_map", target_pid);

      len = xasprintf (&gid_map, "%d 0 1", gid);
      ret = write_file (gid_map_file, gid_map, len, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        _exit (crun_error_get_errno (err));

      len = xasprintf (&uid_map, "%d 0 1", uid);
      ret = write_file (uid_map_file, uid_map, len, err);
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        _exit (crun_error_get_errno (err));

      _exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }

  close_and_reset (&closep0);

  ret = unshare (CLONE_NEWUSER);
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "unshare (CLONE_NEWUSER)");

  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (p[1], "0", 1));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "write to sync pipe");

  ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (waitpid (pid, &pid_status, 0));
  if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, errno, "waitpid for exec child pid");

  if (UNLIKELY (WEXITSTATUS (pid_status) != 0))
    return crun_make_error (err, WEXITSTATUS (pid_status), "setting mapping for final userns");

  to_unshare = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < def->linux->namespaces_len; i++)
    {
      if (def->linux->namespaces[i]->path != NULL && def->linux->namespaces[i]->path[0] != '\0')
        continue;

      to_unshare |= libcrun_find_namespace (def->linux->namespaces[i]->type);
    }

  if (to_unshare)
    {
      ret = unshare (to_unshare & (CLONE_NEWIPC | CLONE_NEWNET | CLONE_NEWNS));
      if (UNLIKELY (ret < 0))
        return crun_make_error (err, errno, "unshare");
    }

  return 0;
}
